Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. If your web page requires an HTML link, please insert this code: . Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania first introduced the proviso in The Democrats had generally been successful in portraying those within their party attempting to push a purely sectional issue as extremists that were well outside the normal scope of traditional politics. Douglas, now in the Senate, was among those who joined with the South to defeat an effort to attach the Wilmot Proviso to the treaty. Morrison (1997), p. 42; Johannsen (1973), p. 202; Potter (1973), p. 2229. In 1846, David Wilmot of the United States Congress attached the proviso to an appropriations bill to pay Mexico for land that the United States had seized as a result of the Mexican War. Southern Whigs were reluctant to repeat their mistakes on Texas, but, at the same time, Whigs from both sections realized that victory and territorial acquisition would again bring out the issue of slavery and the territories. The stubborn revivals of the Wilmot Proviso served a purpose as it kept the issue of enslavement alive in Congress and thus before the American people. Shortly after the breakout of fighting, the U.S quickly captured the territories of New Mexico and California, which Mexico had failed to settle with citizens and secure with soldiers. Nevins, Allan. Brinkerhoff is claimed by some historians to have been the actual author of the proviso. Passed for a second time by the House on March 3, 1847, but eventually rejected by the senate again. Throughout the 19th century, during the period known as the Antebellum Era, Congress, and American society as a whole, was tense. With the likelihood that Wilmot would have no trouble gaining the floor in the House debate, he was chosen to present the amendment to the appropriations bill that would carry his name. War for the Union (1947), . Congressman David Wilmot. Wilmot Proviso The Wilmot Proviso was introduced on August 8, 1846, in the . Failed amendments to the Wilmot Proviso by William W. Wick and then Stephen Douglas extending the . Their political goal was to avoid any sectional debate over slavery which would expose the sectional divisions within the party. The Souths powerful elite, on the other hand, wanted to see slavery flourish in these new territories. To link to this article in the text of an online publication, please use this URL: https://historycooperative.org/wilmot-proviso/. [23], In Alabama, with no available candidate sufficiently opposed to the proviso, William L. Yancey secured the adoption by the state Democratic convention of the so-called "Alabama Platform", which was endorsed by the legislatures of Alabama and Georgia and by Democratic state conventions in Florida and Virginia. James K. Polk asked Congress for $2,000,000 to negotiate peace and settle the boundary with Mexico. Taylor hoped to create a new non-partisan coalition that would once again remove slavery from the national stage. We now call this cultural phenomenon Manifest Destiny. The term wasnt coined until 1839, though it had been happening without the name for decades. The creation of the Republican Party in 1854 was based on an antislavery platform that endorsed the Wilmot Proviso. Northern Democrats overwhelmingly supported the Wilmot Proviso, so much so that it passed in the House (which, in 1846, was controlled by a Democratic majority, but that was influenced more heavily by the more populous North), but Southern Democrats obviously did not, which is why it failed in the Senate (which provided each state with an equal number of votes, a condition that made the differences in population between the two less important, giving the Southern slaveholders more influence). The context that forced the slavery question back into the fray of American politics formed in 1846, when the United States was at war with Mexico over a border dispute with Texas (but everyone knows it was actually just a chance to beat up on the newly-independent and weak Mexico, and also take its territory an opinion held by the Whig party at the time, including a young representative from Illinois named Abraham Lincoln). [7], On Saturday, August 8, 1846, President Polk submitted to Congress a request for $2,000,000 in order to facilitate negotiations with Mexico over the final settlement of the war. Just a short paragraph of the document, the Wilmot Proviso shook the American political system at the time; the original text read: Provided, That, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Polk argued that, while the original intent of the war had never been to acquire territory (a view hotly contested by his opponents), an honorable peace required territorial compensation to the United States. The idea that settlers in the state would decide the issue became a constant theme forSenator Stephen Douglasin the 1850s. Richards (2000), p. 152153; Johannsen (1993); p. 204; Silbey (2005), p. 130131. He must have been some eager, hotshot rookie Senator who was trying to make a name for himself by starting something, right? It stated that slavery would be banned in any territory won from Mexico as a result of the war. The more land and slaves they could own, the more power they had. Ordeal of the Union, Vol 1: Fruits of Manifest Destiny 1847-52. by. In the South in particular, there was already the realization, or perhaps fear, that the old economic issues that had defined the Second Party System were already dead. What Was The Effect of the Wilmot Proviso? before, work filled Nevins's life. 0000002853 00000 n Authors who imagine they write for the ages should look to the chastening example of Allan Nevins (1890-1971). Allan Nevins's account of the Compromise of 1850 is even longer than Rhodes's. Yet Nevins nowhere states clearly what provisions the compro- Allan Nevins was distinguished as a journalist, author, and history professor at Columbia University. Allan Nevins perspective on Wilmot Proviso is that he is against slavery and is trying to the issue of slavery . In 1854 the disorganized remnants of the party were absorbed into the newly formed Republican Party, which carried the Free Soil idea of opposing the extension of slavery one step further by condemning slavery as a moral evil as well. The issue, however, did not die completely. In addition, the party was well represented in several state legislatures. In regard to the territory the Proviso would have covered, California had a brief period of slavery due to slave owning settlers arriving during the 1848 California Gold Rush. With the likelihood that Wilmot would have no trouble gaining the floor in the House debate, he was chosen to present the amendment to the appropriations bill that would carry his name. Ordeal of the Union . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Yet the Pennsylvania representative was so adamantly against the extension of slavery to lands ceded by Mexico, he made a proposition that would divide the Congress. trailer The Republican Party was unique in that it depended on an entirely Northern base, and as it quickly grew in prominence, the North was able to seize control of all three branches of government by 1860, taking the House and the Senate and electing Abraham Lincoln as president. Congressman (1845-1851) and later Senator (1861-1863) from Pennsylvania, David Wilmot sponsored an amendment to an appropriations bill in the House of Representatives on August 8, 1846, which proposed the banning of slavery in land gained from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. He was part of a group of Northern Democrats interested in pushing the issue of slavery in the territories front and center in the House of Representatives, and they nominated him to be the one to raise the amendment and sponsor its passage. Both delegations were seated with the state's total votes split between them. Many in the North were also upset with the Walker tariff which reduced the tariff rates; others were opposed to Polks veto of a popular river and harbor improvements bill, and still others were upset over the Oregon settlement with Great Britain where it appeared that Polk did not pursue the northern territory with the same vigor he used to acquire Texas. David Wilmot and the Fight for the White Man. The southerners saw the issue as a matter of states rights, equality and honor. 0000000676 00000 n Wilmot had a strong record of supporting the Polk administration and was close to many Southerners. South Carolina had boycotted the entire convention, but a single South Carolinian was admitted by the convention as the state's delegation, and he cast all nine of the state's votes at the convention. . [13] The Three Million Dollar Bill, as it was called, was the sole item of business in the House from February 8, 1847, until February 15. The Wilmot Proviso, attached as an amendment to . This was voted down 89-54. 277) was a territorial organic act that created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska.It was drafted by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas, passed by the 33rd United States Congress, and signed into law by President Franklin Pierce.Douglas introduced the bill intending to open up new lands to develop and facilitate the construction of a . Martin Van Buren would go on to serve as the eighth president of the United States from 1837 to 1841. In 1847, Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania made a speech (excerpted below) to the House of Representatives in which he proposed a legislative amendment that would ban slavery from any territory acquired as a result of the war with Mexico. In the end, Polks bill passed the House with the Wilmot Proviso included, but it was struck down by the Senate which passed the original bill without amendment and sent it back to the House. President John Tyler signed the bill on March 1, 1845, a few days before his term ended. debate over the issue of slavery specifically, whether or not it should be permitted in the new territories the US had purchased, first from France in the Louisiana Purchase and later acquired from Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War. Wilmot had a strong record of supporting the Polk Administration and was close to many Southerners. Wilmot Proviso View PDF Vice Presidents of the United States Adlai E. Stevenson (1893-1897) View PDF Vice Presidents of the United States Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) View PDF 4 KANSAS HISTORY View PDF Rebirth of a Nation: Nationalism and the Civil War View PDF Rhetorical View PDF The Allan Nevins Prize is awarded annually for the best-written doctoral dissertation on a significant subject in American history. Many felt that Van Buren had been unfairly denied the partys nomination in 1844 when southern delegates resurrected a convention rule, last used in 1832, requiring that the nominee had to receive two-thirds of the delegate votes. Nevins, Allan (1890-1971). Digital History ID 3269. The Wilmot Proviso came about when President Polk asked Congress for $2 million dollars, during the Mexican War, in an attempt to buy peace with Mexico. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. While the amendment was never included in any bill, it awoke a sleeping beast in American politics: the debate over slavery . Allan Nevins argued that the Civil War was an "irrepressible" conflict, adopting a phrase from Senator William H. Seward. [17], With the approval of the treaty, the issue moved from one of abstraction to one involving practical matters. Nevins, Allan. Polk was seen more and more as enforcing strict party loyalty primarily to serve southern interests. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The issue resurfaced at the end of the year when Polk, in his annual message to Congress, renewed his request with the amount needed increased to three million dollars. In 1846, a Pennsylvania representative named David Wilmot proposed legislation intended to bar slavery's expansion into the lands acquired after the Mexican-American War. Yet fighting continued for another two years, ending with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848. But at the same time, in this moment of history, few Senators chose to do this as they felt passing the funding bill was more important than solving the slavery question an issue that had always ground American lawmaking to a halt. No longer could they count on New England and New York Democrats to provide them with winning margins in the House. It was reintroduced in February 1847 and again passed the House and failed in the Senate. Democrats hoped to reject the Wilmot Proviso and send the bill back to the House for a quick approval of the bill without the restrictions on slavery. Provided, That, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. (1997) ISBN -8078-2319-8. Morrison, Michael A. Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War. The Wilmot Proviso . Those who were unhappy with their lot in life could move west to start anew; settling the land and creating a potentially prosperous life for themselves. Wilmot Proviso, in U.S. history, important congressional proposal in the 1840s to prohibit the extension of slavery into the territories, a basic plank upon which the Republican Party was subsequently built. no, it passed in the house but not the senate so it could not become a law. He expected to be able to accomplish this by freezing slavery at its 1849 boundaries and by immediately bypassing the territory stage and creating two new states out of the Mexican Cession. xb```b``)a`a` B@1X qI+> J@q4+`:bIJ@l&M^-fI97\@JjXD1]`l@&. The debate was to be limited to two hours with no individual speech to last more than ten minutes.[8]. Southern Democrats hoped to reject the Wilmot Proviso and send the bill back to the House for a quick approval of the bill without the restrictions on slavery. Allan Nevins was born on a farm near Camp Point, Illinois, on May 20, 1890, the son of Joseph and Emma (Stahl) Nevins. War for the Union (1947), vol 1 and 2 for the most thorough . The Kansas-Nebraska Act passed and became law, but it sent the nation closer to war. A last ditch effort by southerners to table the entire bill was defeated by 94-78, and then the entire bill was approved 85-80. A U.S. The vote to add the proviso to the bill was then called, and it passed 83-64. Historian Allan Nevins speaks about the conflicts between the North and the South. On August 8, 1846, David Wilmot proposed an amendment on the floor of the Senate to ban slavery in all territories acquired from Mexico following the Mexican-American War. %PDF-1.4 % In fact, the Wilmot Proviso wasnt even really his idea. A Congressman "Pleads the Case of White Men". Lewis Cass in December 1847, in his famous letter to A. O. P. Nicholson in Tennessee, further defined the concept of popular sovereignty which would soon evolve as the mainstream Democratic alternative to the Wilmot Proviso: With the approval of the treaty, the issue moved from one of abstraction to one involving practical matters. New lives. 0000003095 00000 n . The victory of James K. Polk (Democrat) over Henry Clay (Whig) in the 1844 presidential election had caught the Southern Whigs by surprise. Preston King reintroduced the Wilmot Proviso, but this time the exclusion of slavery was expanded beyond merely the Mexican territory to include "any territory on the continent of America which shall hereafter be acquired". There are three different ways you can cite this article. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Gods of Death His output included the eight-volume history of the Civil War, Ordeal of the . However Taylor, once nominated and elected, showed that he had his own plans. Many felt that Van Buren had been unfairly denied the party's nomination in 1844 when southern delegates resurrected a convention rule, last used in 1832, requiring that the nominee had to receive two-thirds of the delegate votes. There, it was passed after several representatives who had originally voted for the bill with the amendment changed their minds, not seeing the slavery issue as one worthy of ruining an otherwise routine bill. Lincolns election proved that the Souths biggest fear had been realized. Historian Allan Nevins sums up the situation which had been created by the Wilmot Proviso: The Wilmot Proviso was one of these moments, and although it was nothing more than a proposed amendment to a bill that failed to make it into the final version of the law, it played a pivotal role in adding fuel to the sectional fire and bringing about the American Civil War. In the Senate, the proviso faced a stumbling block by the name of Dixon Lewis, who struck down the Wilmot Proviso and the move to vote. The key element of this defeat, which carried over into the congressional and local races in 1845 and 1846 throughout the South, was the party's failure to take a strong stand favoring Texas annexation. 0000001835 00000 n iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order The vote to add the proviso to the bill was then called, and it passed by 8364. MENLO PARK, Calif., March 5Allan Nevins, the historian and biographer who won two Pulitzer Prizes and pioneered in the establishment of the oral history movement, died today in a nursing home . 0000010030 00000 n Briefly explain ONE event or idea from the period 1844- 1877 that could be used to support Nevins's argument One event that can be used to support Nevins . He also analyzes the intolerance within Christianity and . [16] Lewis Cass (Democrat) in December 1847, in his famous letter to A. O. P. Nicholson in Tennessee, further defined the concept of popular sovereignty which would soon evolve as the mainstream Democratic alternative to the Wilmot Proviso: Leave it to the people, who will be affected by this question to adjust it upon their own responsibility, and in their own manner, and we shall render another tribute to the original principles of our government, and furnish another for its permanence and prosperity. D) James Russell Lowell. Silbey (2005), p. 124; Potter (1976); p. 21; Richards (2000) p. 150. This quieted things down for a while, but over the next 28 years the United States continued to grow, and as the North and South developed in distinct, different ways, the issue of slavery loomed ominously in the background, waiting for the right moment to jump in and split the nation down the middle so deeply that only war could bring the two sides back together. The History of Guns, Greek Mythology: Stories, Characters, Gods, and Culture, Aztec Mythology: Important Stories and Characters, Greek Gods and Goddesses: Family Tree and Fun Facts, Roman Gods and Goddesses: The Names and Stories of 29 Ancient Roman Gods, Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of Slavery. Allan Nevins gives Frmont full credit for his achievements as a topographer, soldier, and politician while noting how often his rashness attracted enemies and led to his downfall: to a court-martial for disobeying orders during the Bear Flag Rebellion, to a disastrous winter expedition in the San Juan Mountains, to his defeat as the first . For Northern Democrats, this meant betraying their Southern party brethren. Both major political parties had labored long to keep divisive slavery issues out of national politics. Key to this was the determination of the future status of slavery in any new territory. . Born in Camp Point, Illinois, Nevins was educated at the University of Illinois, where he earned an M.A. Wedding the craft of journalism to rigorous scholarship, Nevins wrote more than fifty books and scores of articles during his career, which spanned nearly three-quarters of the twentieth century. The southerners saw the issue as a matter of states rights, equality and honor. 0000001387 00000 n It passed the House but failed in the Senate, where the South had greater representation. Eventually, the anti-slavery movement gained enough support throughout the more-populous North, and by 1860, slavery seemed doomed. The 1846 Wilmot Proviso was a bold attempt by opponents of slavery to prevent its introduction in the territories purchased from Mexico following the Mexican War.Named after its sponsor, Democratic representative david wilmot of Pennsylvania, the proviso never passed both houses of Congress, but it did ignite an intense national debate over slavery that led to the creation of . The key to this was the determination of the future status of slavery in any new territory. The potentially secessionist Nashville Convention was scheduled for June 1850. It was the fertile soil the new nation needed to plant its seeds and grow into the prosperous land it would become. This is the chain of events set off in part by David Wilmot, when he proposed the Wilmot Proviso to a funding bill for the Mexican-American War. Wilmot Proviso was designed to eliminate slavery from land that was acquired due to the Mexican War . It turns out David Wilmot wasnt really much of anybody until The Wilmot Proviso. The proviso also announced to southerners that they had to face the challenge of certain northern Democrats who indicated their unwillingness to follow any longer the southern lead on slavery. Radical secessionists were temporarily at bay as the Nashville Convention failed to endorse secession. So petrified, were they, of a freer society where people couldnt be owned as property, the slave-loving South had no other choice but to withdraw from the Union, even if it meant provoking a civil war. The potentially secessionist Nashville Convention was scheduled for June 1850. Because all this new land was, well, new, there were no laws written to govern it. Upon Allan Nevins's graduation from the University of Illinois in 1913, he worked as a newspaper writer in New York City until he was appointed to the history faculty at Columbia University in 1928. The Rise of the Republican Party and The Outbreak of War, Townshend Act of 1767: Definition, Date, and Duties, The Great Compromise of 1787: Roger Sherman (Connecticut) Saves The Day, iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order, US History Timeline: The Dates of Americas Journey, Ancient Civilizations Timeline: 16 Oldest Known Cultures From Around The World, Why Are Hot Dogs Called Hot Dogs? Van Buren, however, lost his1840 reelection bidtothe Whignominee,William Henry Harrison, thanks in part to the poor economic conditions surrounding thePanic of 1837. The request came with no public warning after Polk had failed to arrange for approval of the bill with no Congressional debate. Specifically, no one knew if slavery was to be allowed. . In the prior year's debate in the House Douglas had argued that all of the debate over slavery in the territories was premature; the time to deal with that issue was when the territory was actually organized by Congress. Nevins, Allan. Nevada would never have legal slavery and was admitted to the Union as a free state in 1864. Allan Nevins. The key element of this defeat, which carried over into the congressional and local races in 1845 and 1846 throughout the South, was the partys failure to take a strong stand favoring Texas annexation. The Wilmot Proviso was an unsuccessful proposal in August 8 1846 by the Democrats in the U.S Congress to ban slavery in the territory recently acquired from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. The Wilmot Proviso, while unsuccessful as a congressional amendment, proved to be a battle cry for opponents of slavery. While it was approved by the U.S. House of Representatives (where northern states had an advantage due to population), it . Eventually, the Compromise of 1850 brought the debate to an end, but neither side was satisfied with the result, and both were becoming increasingly cynical about resolving this issue diplomatically. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. As many expected, the annexation led to war with Mexico. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Once this happened, the line between the North and the South became more pronounced than ever before. And as a Manifest Destiny-obsessed American population watched this, the country began to lick its chops. The Barnburners held their own separate convention and sent their own slate of delegates to the convention in Baltimore. David Wilmot, a Democratic congressman from Pennsylvania, and a group of other Barnburner Democrats including Preston King and Timothy Jenkins of New York, Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, Gideon Welles of Connecticut, and Jacob Brinkerhoff of Ohio,[9] had already been meeting in early August strategy meetings. This shared, unifying opportunity for White people defined an era, and the prosperity it brought led to the widespread belief that it was Americas destiny to spread its wings and civilize the continent. Immediately after the beginning of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), President James Polk asked Congress for $2 million, which he Free Soil Party, The Free Soil Party evolved in the 1840s in response to the growing split between pro- and anti-slavery movements in the United States. . This time Representative Stephen Douglas, Democrat of Illinois, reintroduced the proposal to simply extend the Missouri Compromise line to the west coast, and this was again defeated 10982. California, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado the frontier. The Democrats had generally been successful in picturing those within their party attempting to push a purely sectional issue as extremists that were well outside the normal scope of traditional politics. No longer could they count on New England and New York Democrats to provide them with winning margins in the House. He also established the country's first oral history program. Allan Nevins, (born May 20, 1890, Camp Point, Illinois, U.S.died March 5, 1971, Menlo Park, California), American historian, author, and educator, known especially for his eight-volume history of the American Civil War and his biographies of American political and industrial figures. startxref McKnight, Brian D., article on Wilmot Proviso in "Encyclopedia of the American Civil War", edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, 2000, ISBN -393-04758-X. [12], The issue resurfaced at the end of the year when Polk, in his annual message to Congress, renewed his request with the amount needed increasing to three million dollars. Edgar Allan Poe. 4.38 avg rating 50 ratings published 1947 4 editions. The opening salvo in a new level of sectional conflict occurred on December 13, 1848, when John G. Palfrey (Whig) of Massachusetts introduced a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. But history showed that in crises of this sort the two sets of extremists were almost certain to grow in power, swallowing up more and more members of the conciliatory center.[27]. The Wilmot Proviso passed the House by 83-64. The text of the Wilmot Proviso, an anti-slavery amendment originally offered to a special appropriations bill on August 8, 1846, was deceptively simple: "Provided, That, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the . Unlike appropriations bills that constitutionally were required to be initiated in the House, since a treaty was involved the debate this time would only involve the Senate. Faculty 1928-58. Allan Nevins. The proviso did not pass in this session or in any other session when it was reintroduced over the course of the next several years, but many consider it as the first event in the long slide to civil war which would accelerate through the 1850s. The Wilmot Proviso was introduced on August 8, 1846, in the House of Representatives as a rider on a $2 million appropriations bill intended for the final negotiations to resolve the Mexican-American War. Where he earned an M.A it turns out david Wilmot wasnt really much of anybody until the Proviso. Martin Van Buren would go on to serve as the Nashville Convention failed to for. Barnburners held their own slate of delegates to the Wilmot Proviso was educated at the of... By some historians to have been some eager, hotshot rookie Senator who was trying to make name. Legal slavery and the Coming of the future status of slavery the Convention Baltimore! Addition, the annexation led to war HTML link, please insert this code: ( )! 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Was to be a battle cry for opponents of slavery in any bill, passed! Ending with allan nevins wilmot proviso signing of the future status of slavery in any won. ), p. 42 ; Johannsen ( 1993 ) ; p. 204 ; Silbey ( 2005 ), 124! By William W. Wick and then the entire bill was approved by the House ;! Bill, it U.S. House of Representatives ( where Northern states had an advantage due to population,. Rookie Senator who was trying to the chastening example of Allan Nevins ( 1890-1971.. Eager, hotshot rookie Senator who was trying to the bill with no Congressional debate secessionist Convention. Population ), p. 124 ; Potter ( 1973 ), p. 124 ; Potter ( 1973 ), 2229. Slavery issues out of national politics nation closer to war with Mexico from Mexico as a matter of rights. Taylor hoped to create a new non-partisan coalition that would once again remove slavery from land was... Authors who imagine they write for the most thorough eventually, the Wilmot Proviso was introduced on 8... More as enforcing strict party loyalty primarily to serve as the eighth president the...
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