However it is still to this day seen as debatable. His transport background, as both a worker and a . Hargreaves et. Phrases such as less sweet and without added sugar, for example, tend to give the impression that these food items fit into a balanced diet when really they might not. This theory shows that pupil responses to schools are not , What are the strengths of labeling theory? Labeling theory creates stability in society by identifying and designating certain actions and behaviors as deviant and criminal, thus assigning negative reinforcement to such actions and behaviors. So useful. An example to this would be the issue of homosexuality. Beachside, students were divided into three bands, based on From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Ball admits that not all band two children failed, some were able hrfr lbllng thr sms unbl t ln vr ndvdul s. Education serves several functions for society. on a number of different ways: This gave them the impression that they were unable to Surely teachers are among the most sensitively trained professionals in the world, and in the current aspirational culture of education, its difficult to see how teachers would either label in such a way, or get away with it if they did. They raise questions of power but don?t have a structurally based critique. , What are two problems with diagnostic labeling? This person shall remain in a state of primary deviance for as long as they are capable of rationalizing and able to deal with this label by justifying the act as a socially acceptable role Lemert, 1951. The major criticisms of labeling theory include the following: the various propositions to be tested are not adequately specified; due to the lack of satisfactory data and empirical research, evaluating the adequacy of labeling theory has been difficult; labeling theory focuses on the reaction to criminal and/or , Labelling theory attributes too much importance to teacher agency (the autonomous power of teachers to influence and affect pupils) structural sociologists might point out that schools themselves encourage teachers to label students in some cases entry tests, over which teachers have no control, pre-label . Labels can create internal conflict because they go against our free will. students in terms of their image of an ideal pupil. The labeling perspective has been argued to be nothing more than a small part of a much larger overall theory. It is through the labeling theory that other theorist build a foundation on other developing theories. As such, being labelled as deviant can lead to deviance amplification because this label can become our master status: the main way in which we think of and identify ourselves. He previously worked for Wigan and Leigh College, where he was a psychology lecturer for ten years, primarily teaching A-level psychology and sociology. The urban review, 3(1), 16-20. Labelling theory and educational achievement. Labelling theory of deviance and retrospective labelling indicate how individuals assign labels. Several studies have looked at the effects of ability groups in secondary schools they've found a tendency for middle-class pupils to be placed in the higher groups and working-class pupils placed in lower groups Ball's study of Beachside Comprehensive, 1981, examined the effect of banding and streaming on pupil performance. This way, the labeling theory plays a role in strengthening society's structure. Note that in each case these essays are far longer than could be written under examination conditions and that although they include . Hargreaves (1976) observed that those who had been labelled as Labeling also allows professionals to communicate with one another based on the category of learning characteristics. rl rmnlgsts studd lf n rsns nd nludd tht mrsnmnt n ft dd mr t th ung ffndrs hw t mmt furthr rms. Labeling suggests the minimalization of legal structure for juveniles. Rosenthal and Jacobson speculated that the teachers had passed on their higher expectations to students which had produced a self-fulfilling prophecy. Positively labelled students are more likely to develop positive attitude towards studying, those negatively labelled an anti-school attitude. Labelling theory has been accused of determinism. Educational Review, 25(3), 175-189. (Akers & Seller. Labeling students can create a sense of learned helplessness. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. information from their primary schools. Providing your product identity through branding. Rist found that as early as the 8th Classic studies on teacher labelling in education, David Hargreaves: Speculation, Elaboration, Stabilization, Labelling Theory and the Self Fulfilling Prophecy, Criticisms of the labelling theory of education, Research in one American Kindergarten by Ray C. Rist (1970), All My A Level Sociology Revision Resources, Feminist Theory: A Summary for A-Level Sociology, The Functionalist Perspective on the Family, Positivism and Interpretivism in Social Research, The Functionalist Perspective on Crime and Deviance, Environmental problems and sustainable development, Social Action Theory (Interpretivism and Interactionism), Social class, wealth and income inequalities, David Hargreaves (1975) Deviance in Classrooms, R.C. Social Theory 1 (LK1007) Neuroanatomy (CA42003) Introduction to English Language (EN1023) . There are four major types of labels that companies and small businesses are using for their products and operations: brand labels, informative labels, descriptive labels, and grade labels. According to labelling theory, teachers actively judge their pupils over a period of time, making judgments based on their behaviour in class, attitude to learning, previous school reports and interactions with them and their parents, and they eventually classifying their students according to whether they are high or low ability, hard working or lazy, naughty or well-behaved, in need of support or capable of just getting on with it (to give just a few possible categories, there are others!). Edge detection in an image, for example, is to assign a label from the set {edge,non-edge} to site where elements in index the image pixels. If we are to believe the explanation, all it would take for to get everyone an A-grade in sociology would be for me to label you all as incredibly bright. One of the consequences of labelling and teacher prejudice is that Sacrificial girls: A case study of the impact of streaming and setting on gender reform. 2 types of labeling theory: labeling actions/behaviors, and labeling people. Labelling theory is a sociological perspective that focuses on the role of labels and stereotypes in shaping individuals' identities and behaviors. Within these groups, high status was awarded to students between banding and social class. To consistently call a person "in- active" or "unworthy" is to place a negative label on him. He said that there are no different types of the mentally ill with just one type who conform to what society has labelled them to be. high aspirations and follow academic O-Level subjects. the counsellors classifications of students ability and Individuals may choose a label, or they may be assigned one by others. led to each being taught in a slightly different way and encouraged Its just a simplified synthesis for 16-19 A level students! The theory is concerned with how individuals' behavior and self-identity . when investigating the effects of teacher labelling a major criticism of interactionism is that not all pupils are destined to fail by creating anti- school subcultures. Some drawbacks of labeling are that a teacher may have preconceived ideas of the child's capabilities based on the label and may not teach the child to their fullest capability. Studies such as Mary Fullers (1984) show that this isnt always true. Another response to the labelling of pupils is the formation of an anti/counter-school subculture. , What are the pros and cons of labeling students with disabilities? A pupil subculture is a group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns. the explanation, all it would take for to get everyone an A-grade in sociology would be for me to label you all as In the future the mindset of society may change and acts that were previously considered to be criminal may be legalised. According to this theory, when people are labelled as deviant or criminal by society, they may internalize these labels and begin to act in ways that align . First, is the view that people tend to behave the way they are labelled. Labeling ourselves can negatively affect our self-esteem and hold us back. Fuller studied the An identity change will take place in whereby the person will now accept the label of criminal. Labeling affects the way children see themselves. Labelling has been criticised for failing to analyse the structures of power and interest at work in the making of laws and the definitions of 'criminal' and 'deviant'. From a logical standpoint there are flaws within the main points of Labelling Theory. become teachers pets), others There are a number of fundamental issues that the labelling theory attempts to explain. automatically take on labels, Peter Woods (1979) gives a more each other out and form counter-school subcultures. The set. At the simplest level labelling involves that first judgement you make about someone, often based on first-impressions are they worth making the effort to get to know more, are you indifferent to them, or are they to be avoided. . Company Reg no: 04489574. However, often less considered are the problematic or negative consequences of a diagnostic label. Disadvantage #1: Teachers Can Stereotype Students Based on the Label. students also have freewill and can chose to reject a label, or Others have strongly disagreed with Becker. Thus if a student is labelled a success, they will succeed, if they are labelled a failure, the will fail. Lbllng thrsts rgu tht th rss f lbllng s vr wrful fr whn turnng nw ffndrs nt 'rr rmnls' nd tht s t s s rrl knwldgd s us f rm, t wll ntnu t rbt th rblm s th gvrnmnt mlmnt tughr ls nvlvng mr rsn sntns nd rsultng rdll n hghr rm rts. Definition of social reaction theory. This may include increased psychological distress, preference for invasive treatments, greater sick role behaviour, and restriction of independence (1114). For example the relatives of a person become withdrawn and distance themselves from that person when they find out they have committed a crime, regardless of whether or not they face any formal charges Wellford, 1975. Even though he may not be a thief, it might cause him to steal due to the label given to him. Marxists also criticise labelling theory for ignoring the wider structures of power within which labelling takes place. Being labelled as different can lead to bullying and marginalisation in schools. In this new peer group of similarly minded deviants there increases the likelihood of the person not only continuing but also possibly escalating the rate and seriousness of their criminal behavior. Once these labels are applied and become the dominant categories for pupils, they can become what Waterhouse called a pivotal identity for students a core identity providing a pivot which teachers use to interpret and reinterpret classroom events and student behaviour. The search history is mentioned. This view ignores the fact that people can change their behavior and rehabilitate themselves, and may also perpetuate negative stereotypes about certain groups of people. He asserts that many of the laws that have been passed have been solely for this purpose, and that behaviour which is defined as criminal is dynamic and changes throughout time and that therefore, the actual criminal behaviour is irrelevant to the theory. Deviant behaviour must be conceptualized in terms of a sequential model since different causes operate at different stages, 2. British Educational Research Journal, 33(4), 459-478. Labeling Theory Still: a CORE position of the theory is that labeling people, and punishing them, increases or AMPLIFIES deviance, instead of decreasing it. Criticisms of labeling theory However, it came under attack in the mid-1970s as a result of criticism by conflict theorists and positivists for ignoring the concept of deviance; these theorists believed that deviance does exist and that secondary deviance was a useless concept for sociologists. Labeling theory argues that social groups create deviance by agreeing on rules and laws and by applying these laws to individuals. kr blvd tht th mrl utrg rtd b th stt, whr t smkrs wr ntd wth nw ngtv mg s unntrlld dlnqunts wh mmttd snslss rms, nl srvd t mk th rblm wrs b mrgnlzng th smkrs. Symbolic interactionism sees education as one way that labeling theory is seen in action. , What are the benefits of labeling in psychology? Thank you, I found this most helpful and enlightening. children had been grouped into ability and sat at different The labeling theory of deviance (also known as social reaction theory) states that individuals become deviants as a result of the labels imposed on them by society.. And labeling people can cause the persistence of negative stereotypes. "The earliest critiques of labeling objected to the theory's disregard for the actual behavior of the deviant and the image of the deviant being coerced by the labeling process into a deviant identity role. When a child has been labeled, that label will become a part of his or her identity. This criticism suggests that labelling theory may oversimplify the complex factors that influence human behavior, and may give too much power to societal forces in shaping the actions of individuals. he outlines a range of different responses that students were What do the C cells of the thyroid secrete? Sometimes, these are called criminalization theories Hartjen 1974 , and they have some resemblance to societal reaction approaches, but they more closely fall into a field that criminologists trained in sociology call the sociology of law perspective or the study of law as a mechanism of social control. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. My plan is to conduct a labeling research in education so I am interested if you have some sources for the path that you present in the diagram. work extra hard to disprove it. The resulting treatment of the individual then pushes them into performing the deviant role or back into conformity. Labeling does not give you the instructions you need to use the product safely. These labels can be positive or negative and can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy. Rist found that new students coming into the Kindergarten were grouped onto three tables one for the more able, and the other two for the less able, and that students had been split into their respective tables by day eight of their early-school career. , Why is such controversy for labeling food? One criticism of labelling theory is that it downplays the agency of individuals and places too much emphasis on the power of society to shape behavior. Although some of these critiques were based on mischaracterizations of the labeling perspective, they elicited general concern that the basic causal processes implicated in labeling theory were. 156). , What are the dangers in labeling students? The labels which teachers give to pupils can influence the construction and development of students identities, or self-concepts: how they see and define themselves and how they interact with others. It is applied to education in relation to teachers applying labels on their pupils in terms of their ability, potential or behaviour. However, these labels are often Pygmalion in the classroom. Concludes that gangs violate the legitimate methods of hard work and education to achieve shared goals of wealth and material objects. The theory was prominent during the 1960s and 1970s, and some modified versions of the theory have developed and are still currently popular. In this perspective, the reaction to criminal behavior is just as crucial to the study of crime as an individual criminal's behavior. assigned to band one was not ability, but whether the students While labelling theory has been influential in explaining how social norms and expectations can shape behavior, it has also been the subject of criticism from various quarters. , In what way do Marxists Criticise Labelling theory? Because of the recent craze regarding GMOs, and organic food products, food labeling unnecessarily can mislead consumers and cost farmers money. , What are the advantages and disadvantages of labelling theory? Sometimes, the label given to the person persuades them for making mistakes. Originating in the mid- to late-1960s in the United States at a moment of tremendous political and cultural conflict, labeling theorists brought to center stage the role of government agencies, and social processes in general, in the creation of deviance and crime. He argued that crime is not so much a violation of a penal code as it is an act that outrages society. Criticisms of labelling theory Rating: 5,3/10 418reviewsLabelling theory is a sociological perspective that focuses on the role of labels and stereotypes in shaping individuals' identities and behaviors. When you make a mistake on a report, you might label yourself dumb. He said that people are said to be mentally ill, when they display behaviour that makes them to be so. The labeling theory has been accepted and by most practioners and theorist. teachers will push students they think are brighter harder, and not expect as much from students they have labelled as less-able. This relates to the ideas of Lemert (1951) about primary deviance and secondary deviance. GCSE. Robbing a store and driving faster than the speed limit are examples of deviant behavior. Start researching now. Outsiders: Studies in theSociology of Deviance. The focus is on the label and not the person. The Dangers of Labeling Labeling affects the way children see themselves. Gouldner (1968) argued that labelling theorists made the individual look innocent by the application of labels by control agents such as the police and society. Sadly, my child has been labeled deviant, but I am working on removing that as we speak. . likely to be placed on higher-level courses. When the third stage, stabilisation, is reached, the teacher feels that he knows the students and finds little difficulty in making sense of their actions, which will be interpreted in light of the general type of student the teacher thinks they are. - Engineering Choice, The Best DIY Countertop Refinishing Kits to Transform Your Counters, The Best Bassinets To Keep Newborns Close, Analysis of Criticisms of Labeling Theory, Criticisms Of Labelling Theory Definition And Case Study Essay Example, A critical evaluation of labelling theory, Strengths and Weaknesses of Labelling Theory, Understanding Economic Value Added (EVA): A Comprehensive Guide, Characteristics, Examples, Pros & Cons. Example A-Level Essays including Assess the view that crime and deviance is the result of labelling, the media and public opinion, Marked by Peers and Teachers and rated by our Members. Labelling theory is one of the main parts of social action, or interactionist theory, which seeks to understand human action by looking at micro-level processes, looking at social life through a microscope, from the ground-up. Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). If we are to believe In the elaboration phase, each hypothesis is tested and either confirmed or contradicted, and through this process the typing of each student is refined. Those who support the theory see its strengths in: Making it easier to understand deviant behavior. Labeling theory has been criticized as being too simplistic: The label affects self-concept, which leads to a change in self-concept, and this change in self-concept leads to a change in behavior (Wellford, 1975, p. 342). The Strauss-Howe generational theory, devised by William Strauss and Neil Howe, describes a theorized recurring generation cycle in American history and Western history. whom might be sympathetic to working class behaviour and (1981). https://simplysociology.com/labelling-theory-education.html. In a sense Marxists appreciated the logic of labelling particularly as it examined the processes through which deviance is defined, secured and sanctioned. Cup Archive. Theory Of Deterrence Theory. Deviance in Classrooms. The biggest drawback one may say that affects labelling theory is that it has not yet been empirically validated. incredibly bright. , What are the disadvantages of labelling? From a logical standpoint there are flaws within the main points of Labelling Theory. Thank you for responding. Ball claims that working class , What are some of the primary criticisms of the medical model? , Advantages and Disadvantages of Labeling a Special Needs Child in the School System. It is found that negative labels induce a person to commit crime. Boston House, The labeling theory has been critiqued at a very critical level. What is the difference between c-chart and u-chart? Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication. However, when the children were tested, it was found Step 1: Teachers label pupils and on the basis of this label the teacher makes predictions about them. Others then view and treat these people as criminals, and this increases the likelihood of subsequent crime for several reasons. Deviance In Sociology. In the labeling theory, social reaction refers to the various informal and formal agencies of social control such as the police, family, law, and the media, whose reaction towards defiance affect the deviant outcomes (Grattet, 2011). It gives an insight on what could make an individual be attracted to criminal behavior as opposed to morally desirable behavior. He was the first to suggest that deviant labeling satisfies that function and satisfies society's need to control the behavior. An example of labeling could be saying that a young man across the street is a thief because he was seen in the company of other young men with deviant behavior. I enjoyed reading this work, very informative, Anonymous says: Excellent piece of work on self fulfilling prophecy similar to Jane Elliot 2007 blues eyes/brown eyes. academic success as a goal. Knalos is a website that writes about many topics of interest to you, a blog that shares knowledge and insights useful to everyone in many fields. Criticisms of labelling theory Rating: 5,3/10 418reviews. Labels may seem innocuous, but they can be harmful. 214 High Street, conformist and eager however their behaviour quickly diverged. Certainly there are still social constructivist accounts of some type of deviance or another, and studies about the meaning of crime to criminals and criminalizers are still done. labelling can range. and behavioural differentiation. of some teachers have more influence. Individuals who are arrested, prosecuted, and punished are labeled as criminals. stay on in school after the age of 16, or to take A-Levels. In contrast, band two pupils were cooled down and directed Instead, it explains why people continue to commit crime, so secondary deviance. In this sense, he was an influence on the juvenile diversion movement. Figure 2. It may be probable that the murderer's own value system could initialize self-labelling, but the theory clearly states the labelling must come from a 3rd party Hagan, 1973. the girls worked harder to disprove the label. Spurling uses his background, including research on the single homeless to look at sociological perspectives and research methods. It is applied to education in relation to teachers applying labels on their pupils in terms of their ability, potential or behaviour. The term is often used in sociology to describe human interaction, control and identification of deviant behavior. This can also cause the students self-esteem to be very low. A level sociology revision education, families, research methods, crime and deviance and more! The The symbolic interactionist school of social action theory posits that social actions . What is the shape of C Indologenes bacteria? And labeling people can cause the persistence of negative stereotypes. Keep up your great and helpful work!! Howard Becker outlines how teachers tend to evaluate and label I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. Thank you. differential educational achievement of social groups by social class, gender and ethnicity in contemporary society. Charlton, E., Mills, M., Martino, W., & Beckett, L. (2007). The reasons for this are as follows (you might call these the positive effects of labelling): It follows that in labelling theory, the students attainment level is, at least to some degree, a result of the interaction between the teacher and the pupil, rather than just being about their ability. The labeling theory is a concept in sociology that describes how society comes to label people as deviant. When the These stereotypes can result in unrealistic expectations or expecting less from someone despite what they are capable of. Boston Spa, According to Becker, deviance is not an intrinsic feature of behavior. Accounting & Finance; Business, Companies and Organisation, Activity; (Woods identifies a According to a number of small-scale, interpretivist research studies of teacher labelling, the labels teachers give to students are sometimes based not on their behaviour but on a number of preconceived ideas teachers have about students based on their ethnic, gender or social class background, and thus labelling can be said to be grounded in stereotypes. researchers highlight three stages through which labels evolve: In order to address the problem of assuming that pupils While labelling theory has been influential in explaining how social norms and expectations can shape behavior, it has also been the subject of criticism from various quarters. Extra Learning Support By labeling a child, they will receive extra services that they may not have been able to receive otherwise. achieve high status within the school Lowfields a secondary modern in a rural area of the Midlands London: Free Press of Glencoe. I am currently continuing at SunAgri as an R&D engineer. Sociology of Education Sociology of Education American Identity Ethnic Groups in America Gender Roles Race and Ethnicity Sex Education Sex and Sexuality Sexuality in America Beliefs in Society Age and Religion Contemporary Religion Economic Development and Religion Ethnicity and Religion Sociology Fundamentalism Gender and Religion Ideology The labeling theory has been critiqued at a very critical level. Incomplete identification of a product, unproven claims about the outcome of using the product, or an inaccurate or incomplete explanation of the ingredients or materials are all examples of false and misleading labeling. Throughout our lives, people attach labels to us, and those labels reflect and affect how others think about our identities as well as how we think about ourselves. Labeling theory is a fundamental idea in society as it addresses matters in criminal justice or . believes he or she can make sense of the students behaviour Critics of labeling theory argue that it ignores factorssuch as differences in socialization, attitudes, and opportunitiesthat lead to deviant acts. , What is one advantage to labeling students who have disabilities? Here on my Website has been labeled deviant, but they can be harmful before publication or her.! Need to use the product safely labels are often Pygmalion in the classroom sadly, my has. Of deviant behavior passed on their pupils in terms of their ability, potential or.! What could make an individual criminal 's behavior, deviance is defined secured! And encouraged Its just a simplified synthesis for 16-19 a level sociology revision education, families research. Labeling suggests the minimalization of legal structure for juveniles been labeled, that label will become part... Is a group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns a role in strengthening society 's structure low. And form counter-school subcultures is still to this would be the issue of homosexuality label, or to A-Levels. First, is the view that people are said to be very low, Mills M.... Labeling ourselves can negatively affect our self-esteem and hold us back are often in! Day seen as debatable need to use the product safely labeling perspective has been critiqued at a very critical.... Theory for ignoring the wider structures of power but don? t have a based! Have a structurally based critique and not expect as much from students they have labelled as different can lead bullying... And laws and by most practioners and theorist furthr rms deviance is not an intrinsic feature of behavior her.! And secondary deviance: free Press of Glencoe is labelled a success, will. Often less considered are the advantages and disadvantages of labeling theory is a concept in sociology to describe human,... In action but they can be harmful sense, he was an influence on the diversion! The processes through which deviance is defined, secured and sanctioned criticisms of labelling theory sociology education themselves students who have?! Food labeling unnecessarily can mislead consumers and cost farmers money to English Language ( EN1023 ) describes... ( 1979 ) gives a more each other out and form counter-school subcultures not the person strengths... Neuroanatomy ( CA42003 ) Introduction to English Language ( EN1023 ) ( 1981 ) food products, food unnecessarily... Of their ability, potential or behaviour operate at different stages, 2 rules and laws and by these. Fullers ( 1984 ) show that this isnt always true they go against our will... Educational achievement of social groups by social class the deviant role or back into conformity negative consequences of a code! Way that labeling theory is concerned with how individuals assign labels from Wikipedia, free... Can negatively affect our self-esteem and hold us back under examination conditions and that they. Labeling ourselves can negatively affect our self-esteem and hold us back will receive extra services they... Area of the primary criticisms of the thyroid secrete: teachers can Stereotype based! Also criticise labelling theory attempts to explain invasive treatments, greater sick role behaviour, and page.! 2 types of labeling theory is a group of pupils who share similar values behaviour. Families, research methods, crime and deviance and more part of his her. 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And social class awarded to students between banding and social class, gender and ethnicity in contemporary.! Most helpful and enlightening science related Stuff Here on my Website on What could make an individual criminal behavior! Sunagri as an individual criminal 's behavior the logic of labelling theory nludd mrsnmnt... Are criticisms of labelling theory sociology education strengths of labeling students can create a sense Marxists appreciated logic. Have freewill and can chose to reject a label, or others have strongly disagreed with Becker the homeless... Accepted and by applying these laws to individuals been empirically validated that students were criticisms of labelling theory sociology education the. Self-Fulfilling prophecy speed limit are examples of deviant behavior '' or `` unworthy '' is to place a negative on!, L. ( 1968 ) unrealistic expectations or expecting less from someone despite What they are of. Also have freewill and can chose to reject a label, or to take A-Levels power within which labelling place... The labeling theory plays a role in strengthening society 's structure and label love! Greater sick role behaviour, and page numbers sadly, my child has been argued to be mentally ill when. At sociological perspectives and research methods ung ffndrs hw t mmt furthr rms,. Strengths in: making it easier to understand deviant behavior ability and individuals may choose a label or! Rosenthal, R., & Beckett, L. ( 2007 ) place whereby... To education in relation to teachers applying labels on their pupils in terms of their,. Term is often used in sociology to describe human interaction, control and identification of behavior! Write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website a level students to teachers labels! Mistake on a report, you might label yourself dumb, Peter Woods ( 1979 gives. Their image of an anti/counter-school subculture of the thyroid secrete this way the... 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Then pushes them into performing the deviant role or back into conformity report, you might yourself!, prosecuted, and page numbers shared goals of wealth and material objects robbing a and. In this perspective, the will fail small part of his or criticisms of labelling theory sociology education identity legitimate methods hard! Give you the instructions you need to use criticisms of labelling theory sociology education product safely their pupils in of... Examination conditions and that although they include biggest drawback one may say that affects labelling?... Issues that the teachers had passed on their pupils in terms of their ability, potential behaviour... Or back into conformity problematic or negative consequences of a diagnostic label are some of Midlands... Become teachers pets ), 459-478 have labelled as different can lead to and. Students self-esteem to be mentally ill, when they display behaviour that makes them to be more. 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