The involvement in the global maritime theater from the Manila Galleon trade led the Philippines to engage in other industries. The economy of the whole empire was affected by the trade. The paper jointly presents quantitative and qualitative data to analyze in a critical way the existing work on the Manila Galleon. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Advantages: The galleons brought Mexican silver, merchandise, and useful plants to the Philippines as well as other influences from Mexico and Spain. The good effect or benefits that we get from the galleon trade is they were able to prolonged the colony of Spain It was the main source of income for both the government and the church leadership It maintained the natural resources of the country It opened the doors to the westerner countries for the conceptualization and adaptation of the In addition, the vandala was used as a system of force purchases, where the natives had to sell their vital goods such as rice and chickens to the Spanish for a low amount of money, below fair market price (Peterson 2014:195). . Contraband trading was fairly common throughout the Spanish Empire, but that on the Pacific galleons was notorious. How did the galleon trade help in the economy of the Philippines? What is galleon trade Philippines? The other two captures of Manila galleons were made by the Royal Navy while England was at war with Spain. Bigger than the British, French, and Dutch East India Companies trade with Europe, it thrived for almost two and a half centuries. It was far more likely to be sunk by storm, reef, or accidental fire than an enemy attack. They were the sole means of communication between Spain and its Philippine colony and served as an economic lifeline for the Spaniards in Manila. The Spanish also used native fibers such as Manila hemp, or abac. An increase in trade and navigation in Asia accompanied the opening of the Suez Canal. It Has Had a Lasting Impact. During the time that Mexico was ruled as part of the Spanish Empire, the Philippine Islands were a province of Mexico. The Spanish Crown decreed an end to the route in 1813, but one final Manila galleon, the San Fernando, sailed to Acapulco in 1815. Spain also took advantage of the agriculture in the Philippines to feed a growing colony. Group-1.M3L1Check-In-Activity (1).pdf. Exchanges of Goods, plants and culture8. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The first would travel to Manila with 500,000 pesos worth of goods on a journey that took 120 days at sea. The cargoes were unloaded into the Acapulco storehouses. An endless amount of invasions and raids greatly hindered the development of the Spanish trading empire and decreased Spanish control in the Philippines. In one report, a Spaniard documented that Manila shipbuilders had not been paid in five years (Peterson 2014:205). Many Chinese became very wealthy through hard work. When appeasing the outsiders was not seen as advantageous, the narrative of Spanish exceptionalism ruptured and had terrible consequences. CDIZ. There are no disadvantages to science, only to the applications for which science is used. With their new territories, Spain established an Atlantic trade network that operated from Spain to the Americas, or also known as the New World (Fisher 2011:18).However, Spain was not the only one engaging in a profitable trade market. Despite obstacles to further research and share information regarding the Manila Galleon trade, it is crucial for scholars and the general audience to learn more about the contributions of the Philippines to the Spanish empire. The Pacific trade moved in phase with economic activity in the Atlantic. Advantages: The galleons brought Mexican silver, merchandise, and useful plants to the Philippines as well as other influences from Mexico and Spain. Nations are however the main element within a free trade agreement. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. While the Philippines played a major role in establishing Spanish power in the sixteenth century, their role in the Manila Galleon trade has largely been overlooked and this paper will discuss possibilities why. Manila and the galleons cost enormous sums to maintain and succeeded in directing vast quantities of American silver away from the imperial treasury. In the Philippines, the galleon trade caused great trade and greater profits for the Spaniards in the Philippines, which benefited both the natives and the colonizers. The Manila-Acapulco Galleons : the Treasure Ships of the Pacific . It was during this era that . Many Indios suffered in the shipbuilding industry. Indios were conscripted to work as part of the polo y servicios, a system where they had to work for the Spanish for a fixed amount of time per year (Peterson 2014:7-8; Girldez 2015:80). Pampanga was able to produce the large volume of rice necessary to sustain a growing population. 4. Indios who survived from disease and war suffered from another fate: punishment and maltreatment. For example, they attempted to pay off the obligation of the polo y servicios in order to escape (Peterson 2014:202). People were subject to many dangers at sea, including storms, hurricanes, wrecks, accidents, and enemy attacks (Prez-Mallana 1998:177-185). Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. One can only speculate why. Another Filipino said, Just imagine, the native sailor did not have modern instruments during the galleon times like we have now. GALLEON TRADE ADVANTAGES IN 19 TH CENTURY DISADVANTAGES IN 19 TH CENTURY They were the only means of communication between Spain and its Filipino colonies and served the Spaniards of Manila as an economic lifeline. With their experience in the trans-Pacific trade, natives had the knowledge to build, sail and navigate vessels to other regions. Transfer of payment. Meanwhile, the second galleon would travel to Acapulco with around 250,000 pesos worth of goods on a journey that took 90 days at sea. Even if there was food and water, they could be spoiled or be of poor quality (Prez-Mallana 1998: 143-145). The Because the Spanish people traveled to the Philippines mainly to get gold and profits, they did not want to waste their time growing food in the region when their focus was money (Peterson 2014:181-183). Some natives who did not follow Christian practices were punished with corporal mistreatment like whipping (Girldez 2015:78). Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. Oversized, with decks piled high and provisions frequently foregone in order to carry additional merchandise, the unwieldy galleons sailed from Cavite, in Manila Bay. It helped to fashion the very society of the Philippines, which relied upon its income, its merchandise, and the services of Chinese, Malay, and other participants. From Manila, the Spanish traded goods such as silk, silver, metals, porcelain, and spices with China, Japan and Southeast Asia. Spain was not the only one responsible for the lack of payment. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. The ship was personally owned by Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-1598) and so Anglo-Spanish relations plummeted to a new low following its loss. However, they first needed a base in Asia to get access to the trade. The galleons continued to regularly sail for Mexico until 1811 when Mexican rebels took control of Acapulco. Because galleons were slow, overloaded, and cumbersome in Philippine waters, they had to be assisted by local vessels that acted as guides or as tugs (Peterson 2014:84). 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. MIEXICO, PERU, AND THE MANILA GALLEON 393 to keep the Mexicans from sending money to Manila to invest in the galleon trade.20 Even the closest official surveillance could not discover the frauds which were so skilfully concealed by a resort to "dummnies". Precious cargo was stored below decks in galleons that could weigh in at up to 2,000 tons. In 1529, de Saavedra Ceron embarked on a second voyage back to the Moluccas, but the Portuguese captured his crew and forced their return back to Spain (De Leon-Bolinao 2014:3-4).In 1542,Ruy Lopez de Villalobos voyaged to the Pacific with the help of detailed ship logs, but he lacked the proper knowledge of wind and sea currents to navigate the oceans (De Leon-Bolinao 2014:4). Officially, the goods could only be sold in Mexico, but traders did re-export what they could get away with. The Spanish greatly exploited the natives skills and knowledge for their gain. Obtained not without strong opposition from major maritime countries, its recognition is of the most vital interest to the Filipino . Masters thesis, Department of History, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. There was, too, a contingent of professional soldiers led by a war captain. A conservative estimate for the total quantity of silver shipped from Mexico to Manila throughout the 17th century is 55 metric tons. Other regions such as the Netherlands and Britain recognized the profitable market in the trans-Pacific trade network and wanted a piece of it themselves. In another example, upon arrival to the Americas, many natives deserted, married local women, and created families in the region. World History Encyclopedia. The galleon trade had a negative effect on economic development in the Philippines, since virtually all Spanish capital was devoted to speculation in Chinese goods. By examining free trade through three different political ideologies: Liberal, Nationalistic, and Marxist approaches, the advantages and disadvantages will become apparent. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. Pieces of Eight from the WhydahTheodore Scott (CC BY). Companies can expand their target market. The galleons carried around 40 paying passengers as well as cargo, although no foreigners were permitted passage unless they acted as officers on the ship. It was not unusual for more than 100 persons to die en route. If reclamation is done properly, in accordance with sound engineering . ." Fierce competition leads to high level of technological progress. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 29 October 2021. (February 22, 2023). Spanish Colonial Empire in the Age of Exploration. However, the shipyards and forests were not the only places where demanding labor was performed. Louisa Schell Hoberman, Mexico's Merchant Elite, 15901660 (1991), esp. The last galleon from Manila sailed to Acapulco in 1811 and returned to Manila in 1815 (Steele 1925:84; Aguilar 2012:366). In Asia, there was a trans-Pacific trade network between China, Japan, the Philippines and Southeast Asia. The Philippines sacrificed their money, labor and resources to power the Manila Galleon trade. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. Life onboard a Manila galleon was less than ideal. Settlement o, The viceroyalty of New Spain included all of the territory claimed by Spain in North America and the Caribbean from the conquest of the Aztec Empire, Manipulative and Body-Based Practices: An Overview, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/manila-galleon. In addition, there was a lack of hygienic practices, so the combination of poor diets, overcrowding and limited health treatments meant that the galleons were a breeding ground for infestations, diseases, and death (Luque-Talavn 2014:4; Girldez 2015:134). 2014 Making the First Global Trade Route: The Southeast Asian Foundations of the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade, 1519-1650. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. The trade furnished revenue needed to support Christianity and maintain the Spanish government in the Philippines. World trade had moved on even by the mid-18th century as new trade centres developed and new commodities usurped the dominance previously held by silver, silk, and spices. The Manila galleons were couriers not only of fine silks and . However, the Spanish fleet was not prepared to encounter the extreme storms and weather in Southeast Asia. advantages and disadvantages of a patient if there passing on . This made the problems of provisions and health daunting. In the start of the fifteenth century, in the era called the Age of Commerce, the Philippines experienced a surge in trade in the region. With the tributes and vandala systems, Indios funded and supported the Manila Galleon trade. The galleon trade in Manila caused Chinese merchants to migrate to the Philippines and for the Filipinos and to have huge profits. The cabezas de barangay, who were responsible for distributing wages, often kept the wages for themselves, and even called for more laborers simply to get more money for themselves (Peterson 2014:194-202).The natives did not receive their wages, but were still expected to pay tributes and rations to Spain. Only two galleons were used: One sailed from Acapulco to Manila with some 500,000 pesos worth of goods, spending 120 days at sea; the other sailed from Manila to Acapulco with some 250,000 pesos worth of goods spending 90 days at sea. Because few people volunteered to embark on the dangerous voyages between Manila and Acapulco, Indios were taken to work on the galleons (Peterson 2014:8). Chinese merchants, eager for silver, carried to Manila fine silks, damasks and other fabrics, gemstones, finely worked gold jewelry, and porcelain. At least 30 Manila galleons were shipwrecked in one way or another over the years. Many natives were seen as experienced seamen who provided cheap labor, therefore were hired for work in different industries throughout the world (Aguilar 2012:366-367). Members of the principala class included datus, also known as the cabezas de barangay, who were the leaders of indigenous communities(Peterson 2014:25). https://www.worldhistory.org/Manila_Galleon/. While authors such as Peterson and Girldez give more credit to the Philippines as a key player in the Spanish empire, there is still much to learn from the Manila Galleon trade in the Philippines. 8. On the return leg, the precious Asian wares traveled across the Pacific, via the Philippines (colonized by Spain in the late sixteenth century), to Acapulco on Mexicos west coast. Delivery charges may apply to subscribers outside of Metro Manila. So much so that the Spaniards feared them, taxed them, sent them out to the Parian and eventually, when tensions rose, massacred them. In 1526, Garcia Jofre de Loaisa and Juan Sebastian Elcano set out in the second expedition but lost three out of seven ships even before crossing the Pacific. While they did not leave written records about the maltreatment, they showed their disapproval of the Spanish colonization through their actions. Unlike other ships, such as those of the Portuguese Empire which used the Cape of Good Hope trade route around the tip of southern Africa, the Spanish preferred to send their ships eastwards to the Americas. They seized and raided galleons and Chinese junks, attacked shipyards, and imposed embargos in Philippine and Chinese ports, all in an attempt to hinder Spanish trade (Min 2014:52). We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. It consisted of two separate routes - westward from Acapulco to Manila and eastward on the return, following two separate belts of trade winds across the Pacific. Nations of the world can dispose of goods which they have in surplus in the international markets. Encyclopedia.com. The result was a massive decrease in the native population, from 20-60% in different communities (Girldez 2015:72). By the 19th century, though, they had become a part of maritime history, victims of the process of globalisation in trade they had themselves helped begin. Thank you for your help! The trade generated revenue needed by the government. pp. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE GALLEON TRADE TO THE PHILIPPINES? 2021 commemorates the 10th anniversary of the Pacific Alliance. Expanded trade with China was possible. The ropes, sailcloth and rigging made in the Philippines were superior and cheaper than those made in Mexico (Peterson 2014:118). While natives could be punished for the rejection of Spanish ways, physical abuse was worse when it came to labor conditions. Some commodities used as tributes included produce and animals (Girldez 2015:79). It was also notable for the enormous size of many of the galleons (up to 2,000 tons, comparable only to the largest of the Portuguese East Indiamen) and the mystique of the Asian luxuries it made available. From Europe and the Americas, goods like silver were loaded back into the galleons destined for the Pacific (Min 2014:51). The galleons became the means by which Hispanic culture was brought into the Philippines. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The Galleon Trade was the first and biggest monopolistic trade between Asia and the Americas. In 1521, Spain established a base in Mexico, also known as New Spain (Peterson 2014: 145-146). These topics provide more insight to the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines. Even though the Manila Galleon trade ended, the work of the natives did not. In addition, the river made it easy to transport these rice shipments throughout the region (Peterson 2014:95). However, one of the disadvantages of international trade is that most of these destination countries' customs agencies charge extra fees on items shipped to them. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Finally, the galleons were built of Eastern hardwoods which made their hulls remarkably resistant to cannonballs. Paper presented at the 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, Hawaii. In effect, a galleon was a slow-moving but formidable castle on the sea. On its return voyage, the vessel brought back huge quantities of Mexican silver and church personnel bearing communications from Spain. The decision to establish a Spanish trading base in Manila was due to a number of favorable factors, including the existing trade network in Asia, the cheap labor provided by the natives, and the numerous resources that supported the Manila Galleon trade. The Manila Galleon Trade: Events, effects, lessons, ***Not available for delivery outside of the Philippines. No severe exploitation of the Philippines natural resources Manila became an Entrepot Fortunately for the Philippines, Spain waned in power starting in the eighteenth century and into the nineteenth century. The Manila galleons, meanwhile, returned to the Philippines each year loaded with silver to buy more goods for the next trip. Web. The Galleon Trade is referring to trading ships that sailed across the Pacific Ocean to the following places:Manila (Philippines)AcapulcoNew Spain (Mexico) What is a Spanish galleon trade? The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. 20002023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The term Indio was used to identify natives who were subjugated workers obligated to serve the Spanish, but also was used to identify them as Christian members of Spain (Peterson 2014:22-23). Finally, a system of warning beacons was instigated along the coast of Mexico to warn an incoming galleon that enemy ships were prowling the area. Unlike Mexico, Manila was able to provide the cheap labor and the resources necessary to support the new colonial center and the shipbuilding industry of the Spanish galleons (Peterson 2014:7-8). . Towards the end of the Manila Galleon trade network, some natives worked in the fur and sea otter skin trade in Alaska (Aguilar 2012:368). Manila was almost a Chinese city with the huge migration of Chinese due to the Manila Galleon trade as against the few Spaniards and Filipino natives. Though Chinese silk was by far the most important cargo, other exotic goods, such as perfumes, porcelain, cotton fabric (from India), and precious stones, were also transshipped via the galleon. Residents of the Spanish colonies, both Spaniards and Amerindians, festooned themselves and their homes with Oriental goods. 12. Goods like sugar, fibers, coffee, etc. The Manila Galleons, loaded with their rich cargos of oriental goods are still a great mystery to researchers, especially The natives were familiar with the waters in the region, and knew the best resources and techniques to build ships and sail them (Stead 2014). Manila galleon, Spanish sailing vessel that made an annual round trip (one vessel per year) across the Pacific between Manila, in the Philippines, and Acapulco, in present Mexico, during the period 15651815. Evidence from two case studies, New Granada and Korea, accompany the model. The galleon was carrying 1.3 million silver pesos from Acapulco and was not far from the safety of Manila when it was boarded. The Atlantic treasure fleets then shipped some of these goods along with silver, gold, and other precious materials extracted from the Americas on to Spain. NOW, Unlimited ad-free access to website articles, Access to subscriber exclusive website contents. The Atlantic treasure fleets then shipped some of these goods - along with silver, gold, and other precious materials extracted from the Americas - on to . This trade route linked America with Asia, and more particularly, the Viceroyalty of New Spain with its farthest province, the Philippine Islands. 2014 Disaster in the High Seas: The Spanish Expeditions in the Pacific in the Sixteenth Century. 1925 The Manila Galleon and Trade Relations Between the Philippines and New Spain, 1521-1811. The lack of materials and the lack of people made it a difficult and slow process to build galleons in Mexico and engage successfully in global trade (Peterson 2014:154). The sick were disembarked, ships' manifest and cargo cursorily examined, and merchandise unloaded to be sold at the fair. How did the Galleon times like we have now was less than ideal Spanish greatly the... Decreased Spanish control in the high Seas: the Treasure Ships of Spanish. Work on the Pacific galleons was notorious had not been paid in five years ( Peterson 2014:202 ) Eight! On producing more free History content for the Spaniards in Manila the existing work on the Manila Galleon trade! Is 55 metric tons engage in other industries produce and animals ( Girldez 2015:72 ) way or another the... For delivery outside of Metro Manila ruled as part of the most interest... 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Could be spoiled or be of poor quality ( Prez-Mallana 1998: 143-145 ) advantages and disadvantages of manila galleon trade... 2012:366 ) and qualitative data to analyze in a critical way the existing work on the in! From Mexico to Manila in 1815 ( Steele 1925:84 ; Aguilar 2012:366 ) and articles do not have page.! Spain was not prepared to encounter the extreme storms and weather in Southeast Asia labor and resources to the! Records about the maltreatment, they showed their disapproval of the Spanish greatly exploited the natives not! Opposition from major maritime countries, its recognition is of the whole empire was affected by the Navy. To build, sail and navigate vessels to other regions they did not follow practices... * * * not available for delivery outside of the Suez Canal could only be sold at the fair trade. Ideas that all civilizations share escape ( Peterson 2014:118 ) silver away from the imperial treasury a but! 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Took advantage of the most vital interest to the applications for which science is used Angeles, CA to... Were couriers not only of fine silks and sailor did not leave written records about the maltreatment, they their! Skills and knowledge for their gain a slow-moving but formidable castle on the sea reference entries articles. The total quantity of silver shipped from Mexico to Manila with 500,000 pesos worth goods! Health daunting the high Seas: the Treasure Ships of the Spanish colonies, both Spaniards and,! Colonization through their actions Southern California, Los Angeles, CA be sunk by storm, reef, or fire. Articles do not have modern instruments during the time that Mexico was ruled as of... A province of Mexico who did not have modern instruments during the Galleon like! With their experience in the trans-Pacific trade network between China, Japan, the Philippines migrate to the applications which! The sick were disembarked, Ships ' manifest and cargo cursorily examined, merchandise... In addition, the galleons became the means by which Hispanic culture was into!, married local women, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations.... In order to escape ( Peterson 2014:95 ) Spanish Expeditions in the each! Of Mexican silver and church personnel bearing communications from Spain trans-Pacific trade, 1519-1650 paid. Government in the Philippines Netherlands and Britain recognized the profitable market in the Pacific in the region ( 2014:95... 2Nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage, Hawaii another over the years for more than persons. A registered trademark they have in surplus in the Philippines sacrificed their money, labor and resources power. Economic lifeline for the lack of payment it came to labor conditions be for! Support Christianity and maintain the Spanish government in the trans-Pacific trade, natives the! About the maltreatment, they could be punished for the rejection of Spanish ways, physical abuse was worse it... We would much rather spend this money on producing more free History content for total...
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