Realism has dominated the academic study of international relations since the end of World War II. Law is binding not because humans have a natural tendency towards order or other utopian values but because authority enforces its obedience. For instance, the Syrian conflict, the ISIS terrorism, and many interstate conflicts demonstrate that realism theory is strong. The first is that power and influence are not always the same thing. It provides the view that all actors within the international system act on their own self-interests to gain power. However, this model limits electoral competition and campaigns are mostly won by those parties and groups that spend the most money. These concepts are almost anathema to all but the most hedged and doubtful of realisms proponents. It also believes that the international system has always been anarchic due to the nature of states not trusting each other and each state seeking to gain or maximize its own power capability. want to uphold a position of power. In contrast, Liberalism's beliefs are more permissive, focusing on the establishments of international organizations, democracy, and trade as links to strengthen the chain of peace amongst. WEAKNESS. This paper will explore as well as compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of both theories. Whichever way we choose to justify or to answer those questions, despite their polar difference, realism and liberalism are both reflections of various aspects of the international system, which we seek to understand. 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This cycle applies to all states, and the feeling of threat and desire to survive is innate in humans In understanding International Relations, McNamaras lesson is useful in the regards that actions that state takes to protect itself causes the complexity and conflicts of foreign policies that human beings are incapable of, (Waltz, 1979, p.103) Neo-realists thus explain that states serve their own interests in the international system by following a strict code of self help due to the absence of any authority above them. Idealism emphasizes the importance of morality and human rights. Bill C-10 was introduced by the Minister of Justice on the 20th of September 2011. This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share Economic and military power are key components to a state sovereignty and to national security. Senior Lecturer, Department of Politics and International Studies, Cambridge University. Still, the debate continues as to which school remains the most relevant and timely, with regards to the interpretation of the international system. E-IR is an independent non-profit publisher run by an all volunteer team. In most democratic communities, war is electorally unpopular and liberals believe that states and or nations must be rational actors. It is published as part of our mission to showcase peer-leading papers written by students during their studies. Thus, we now have the opposite of realism itself, the liberal school of thought. I say this on the basis that a shift in the definition of power from military capability to economic status. Realism is one of the main theories within International Relations. Realism is an international relations theory with a lineage that dates back to thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes, Machiavelli and Thucydides (Forde). Realism, liberalism, constructivism, and marxist radical theory are used to provide a framework by which we can dissect. Therefore, realism fails to acknowledge the importance of international organizations, and cannot offer conclusive explanation for the Libyan conflict. Fortunately, you have an alliance with a neighbor that is stronger than all the bullies and prevents them from invading your country. Before you download your free e-book, please consider donating to This assignment will be discussed about two theories of international relations which are Realism the most important in international relations. Among classic authors often cited by realists are Thucydides, Niccol Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Max Weber. Neorealism, also known as structural realism, focuses on the structure of the international system rather than the individual power characteristics of each state. Another claim is a states primary interest should be self-preservation, and due to this, a state should seek power and protect itself. According to realists, the answer lies with the principle of balance of power, which is the general idea of the power of one or more states balancing the power of one or more other states to create a state of equilibrium. - Definition, Rules & Statistics, AEDP - Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. This need for linkage and economic progress then accounts for the liberalists stress on free trade and market capitalism, as well as allowing for the legitimate selection of government through democratic action. Weakness of liberalism. Finally, the theory's view of the unimportance of ethics in international relations fails to find support in the growing global movement towards internationally recognized human rights. In the anarchy of international relations, anything goes unless someone is powerful enough to stop you. international relations, showing their strengths and weaknesses, before moving on to argue for his own stance - what has since become known as "neorealism". Promotes economic growth: With less government regulation to inhibit business growth, businesses will be productive and innovative thus promoting economic growth. Therefore, they must keep peace. Realists are generally pessimistic about the possibility of radical systemic reform. A tariff or a quota on a certain good will increase the domestic production of that good.. Omissions? and norms is largely underestimated. A unipolar system, also called hegemony, exists when one state, called a hegemon, is able to dominate the international system, allowing it to determine the rules by which political and economic relations are carried out by the states. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Corrections? No nation wants to die or belittled, yet the theory fails to capture this point. Neorealism, also called structural realism, focuses on the structure and distribution of power in the international system rather than on the power characteristics of individual states. Yet, global prosperity cannot be guaranteed as state actors relinquish their mandate to organizations that control vast amounts of resources at the international level and can influence foreign policy (Shiraev & Vladislav 2016). States are seen as the primary actors to focus upon when analyzing international relations (Houghton, 2007, 25). Which evaluation method do Realists argue that power must be sought out in order for states to exist as thriving groups, even if it means to participate in conflicts (Baylis et al., 2017, 102). Realists make the following assumptions about the world: Just like not everyone can be a star athlete, not all countries have the natural capacity to become powerful enough to go it alone in international relations. This clearly shows one huge weakness of the theory. Both of these theories. Realism is one of the oldest and most popular theories in International Relations. You can think of realists as the cynics of international relations. war, and last but not least explanatory power. Liberalism, in stark contrast to realism, believes in the measurement of power through state economies, the possibility of peace and cooperation, as well as the concepts of political freedoms, rights and the like. As a result, states feeling of insecurity causes it to take any means to feel secure whether it is through the formation of ally with another powerful state or accumulation of military and economic power. Liberalism can be credited for increased legislation, legalism, and moral advancement as demonstrated by civil society organizations. After this lesson is done, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Not only did it become one of the most extensively used textbooks in theUnited Statesand Britainit continued to be republished in new editions over the next half centuryit also was an essential exposition of the realist theory of international relations. Students in need of free samples of academic papers such as essays, book reports, research papers, term papers on various different topics. At this time, slogans such as "liberty, equality, fraternity" were born, and philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau established ideas of individualism as promoting cooperation to develop a better, Realism does not believe in this form of cooperation and progress; it only wants to survive. Guide to International Relations: Realism; The World Reporter. Global Environmental Law & International Treaties, Power & Polarity in the International System, Liberal Internationalism | Overview, Principles & Criticism, Actors in International Relations | Overview, Examples & Purpose. Neorealism is focused on some of the biggest and most important issues in international relations, including war, preventing war, balance of power, alliances and arms races, and is often a good starting place in understanding these issues. Your donations allow us to invest in new open access titles and pay our For one, liberal states tend to be wealthier than non-liberal states. 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In my opinion, there need not be an overarching stress on the frailties of humanity even if world peace seems too lofty of an ideal. Firstly, it shall discuss how the theory is advantageous as it explains how shifts in the balance of power can lead to conflict however it is unable to explain why the distribution of power changes. Realism is a theory which believes that sovereign states are the primary actors in the international system. Realism is a broad intellectual tradition that explains international relations in terms of power. The tradition of realism, on the other hand, believes that the world is anarchical so that states must provide for their own security. This means that they have less incentive to start. While both liberalism and realism have their strengths and weaknesses, I believe that the best guide that our national leaders would be liberalism. Intermestic Realism: Domestic Considerations in International Relations, Tracing Hobbes in Realist International Relations Theory, The Concept of World Society in International Relations, A Critical Reflection on Sovereignty in International Relations Today, The Limits of the Scientific Method in International Relations, Rehabilitating Realism Through Mohammed Ayoobs Subaltern Realism Theory. For realists the international system is anarchical, war is an ever present threat and the survival of a state is never guaranteed. The article concludes by discussing the similarities and differences of each approach, highlighting each theories strengths and weaknesses. Realism is also divided into two categories, classical realism and neo-realism. Radical Approaches Until the 1980s, marxism was the main alternative to the mainstream realist and liberal traditions. Any This shift creates the need for greater linkage (therefore, the new emphasis on globalization) as well as increased cooperation. Views states and non-state actors as important (with international organizations/non-state actors as important unto themselves. Many international relations scholars have argued that the ultimate goal of establishing power and sovereignty is to protect national interests (Shiraev & Vladislav 2016). However, realists believe that acquisition of power is the ultimate goal in international relations system. To build up and formulate own thoughts and ideas based on visions of other people. Liberalism allows individuals to . Political realism has both strengths and weaknesses. While many aspects of realism are still alive in International Relations today; including the dominant presence of states, intrinsic of war and the decentralised government. However, the realist view is weakened by changes in the way that conflict is fought, the ineffectiveness of the balance of power model and the increasing global and interconnected world. Realists belief that, war is unavoidable and natural part of world affairs. According to Bova, there are over 200 sovereign states, and they all interest to gain power to defend themselves. All that said, however accurately realism can account for aggression, conflict and militaristic-expansionist policies, its assumptions prevent it from possessing effective explanatory capacity when it comes to the concept of transnational cooperation, free trade, the relative peacefulness of the international system, the prevalence of democratic governance and the growing emphasis on economic linkage and globalization. Strengths & Weaknesses of Realism. The most important national interest is the survival of the state, including its people,political system, and territorialintegrity. Liberalism is categorized as optimistic view, 1 . European. When addressing your weaknesses, draw upon examples . On the other hand, it will be said that it fails to look at individuals within a state and their influence on the actions of the state. An error occurred trying to load this video. Understanding the Balance of Power, Polarity & Collective Security in World Conflicts. I highly recommend you use this site! Let's take a quick look at the ways the international system may be structured according to structural realism. We need to make decisions that will benefit our country while still cooperating with other countries. However, realism only reaches so far in explaining and creating a structure for international relations. Liberalism is another concept that has significant arguments regarding international relations. Unlike realists, liberals oppose mercantilism and the zero-sum game much like the countries in NAFTA. History, right from early dynasties, revolutions, and conquest wars, has demonstrated that nations show their power when there is anarchy and lack of government to justify their actions, especially waging wars (Shiraev & Vladislav 2016). In the world of states, this capability is based on both tangible and intangible characteristics of the state. It is a paradigm based on the need to have hope, reason and universal ethics in international relations. L I B E. Strengths. One will remember, I hope, that states act in their own interest, a concept not too far from human choices in the name of self-advancement and the accrual of resources, first for survival, and eventually as whims of luxury, paralleled by the section in Thomas Hobbes work, which says the first [competition] maketh man invade for gain, the second [diffidence] for safety and the third [glory] for reputation (Hobbes : Leviathan, 1651). Many thanks! Therefore, the anarchic nature of international relations becomes one of the strengths of this theory. Strengths and weaknesses of realism approach to International Relations . Other states in the system gravitate to one of two power centers in alliance and are dominated by it. | 11 Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Neo-realism lies on the structural level, emphasizing on anarchy and the balance of power as a dominant factor in order to maintain hierarchy in international affairs. Pessimism permeates the core of realism. Following Hans Morgenthaus thinking that the social world is but a projection of human nature onto the collective plane (Morgenthau: Politics Among Nations, 1948), one can contend as well that perhaps, the international system as viewed from the realist lens, is also a projection of collective human nature (the state) and eventually, this collective nature is manifested in the anarchy of the global stage. Among the most prevalent of these theories are realism and liberalism. The aforementioned theories focus on the international system and the external factors that can lead to two phenomena - conflict and cooperation. Finally, it will suggest that as the theory is very parsimonious, it can be applied to multiple situations within the world system. It is then reasonable to contend that realism places man as a creature whose greatest instinct is self-preservation. Among the main faults ascribed to realism are its disability to predict and account for the collapse of the Soviet Union and the pervasive peace between liberal nations (McMurtrie : Towards Just International Relations Theory, Honors Thesis, 2007). bandwidth bills to ensure we keep our existing titles free to view. As it stands, in my opinion, liberalism operates under real-world conditions, reflecting state interest and aggrandizement, if only that such advancement results in peace instead of the expected dose of conflict. In the current anarchic world, The United States acts as the global hegemon. States become self-interested, they compete for power and security. The strengths of liberalism outweigh its weaknesses. Burchill, S. (2005) Realism and Liberalism : Theories of International Relations, 3/E. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) as International Political Actors, Introduction to Political Science: Help and Review, Introduction to Political Science: Tutoring Solution, GACE Political Science (532): Practice & Study Guide, AEPA Political Science/American Government (AZ006): Practice & Study Guide, U.S. Supreme Court Cases: Study Guide & Review, GACE Political Science Test I (032): Practice & Study Guide, History 106: The Civil War and Reconstruction, SAT Subject Test Literature: Practice and Study Guide, Political Science 102: American Government, Create an account to start this course today. This style of literature affected the writing of Eudora Welty, who used realism in her story A Worn Path. . It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. Tangible characteristics include such things as a state's size, geography, natural resources, economy, military, technological development and population. pseudo, formal, and decision-theoretic evaluation. This website helped me pass! Additionally, the US continues to have hundreds of thousands of troops in Europe, Asia, and around the world to ensure that wars are just few seconds away. In addition, a realist world is a self-help system; political leaders seek to enhance national security by building armies and forming alliances (Kegley, 28). Realists claim to offer both the most accurate explanation of state behaviour and a set of policy prescriptions (notably the balance of power between states) for ameliorating the inherent destabilizing elements of international affairs. This paper seeks to answer that question. Realists argue that power must be sought out in order for states to exist as thriving groups, even if it means to participate in conflicts (Baylis et al., 2017, 102). In other words, political realism seeks to explain international relations between states in terms of power. Written by: Bea Kylene Jumarang The theory advances that international actors or . States are seen as the primary actors to focus upon when analyzing international relations (Houghton, 2007, 25). However, Chinas recent rise to power has lead international relations experts, Ikenberry, Mearsheimer, Subramanian, and Friedberg, to predict an upcoming power shift in the international system. In our example, the bullied state should team up with other states to counteract the power of the bully. For example, Hans Morgenthau, the founding father of the contemporary political realism, blamed the Western liberal democracies for being weak in reacting to the . Because the conditions for international relations are inherently anarchic, with neither hierarchical power nor expectation of reciprocity to enforce cooperation between actors, realists insist that the sole responsibility of the state must simply be self-preservation. However, liberalism and realism offer different . A state of anarchy as a condition but peace as a result, and a world that knows the obstacles confronting all of its inhabitants, but knows as well that humanity has always been great at overcoming what seems insurmountable. However, these theorists fail to explain how terror organizations, for instance, Al Qaeda, who are not state actors, can manage to bring powerful nations, especially a superpower, United States, to its knees. Thereafter, realism became established in American political science departments, its fortunes boosted by a number of migr European scholars, most notably the German-born political scientist and historian Hans Morgenthau. Journal of International Relations , Vol.19, No.3, pp.405-425. Critical Realist Strengths and Weaknesse .. Journal of Critical Realism Volume 2, 2003 - Issue 1 1,751 Views 3 CrossRef citations to date 0 Altmetric Book Review Critical Realist Strengths and Weaknesses Garry Potter Pages 161-165 | Published online: 21 Apr 2015 Download citation https://doi.org/10.1558/jocr.v2i1.161 Citations Metrics It also leads individuals to develop the 3/1/2023, 1:52:20 AM. The theorys inability to explain the end of the Cold War, however, brought strength and momentum to the Liberalism theory. Liberalism starts to take up the world politics after the fall of Idealism after the Second World War as they have more pessimistic view of the world politics. While realism can sometimes explain a lot, it seldom gives the whole picture. In that, the Court has failed and ., It is considered possible to create effective collective security systems within the international system. The similarity between the theories of realism and liberalism is that they both know that the world is a dangerous place that has no central government. International Relations Overview & Theories | What is International Relations? While this characterization is undeniably true, Classical Realism should not be reduced to merely a cynical view of politics. Just war theorists, along with pacifists, on the other hand oppose these arguments and therefore critique of this form of diplomatic action. Entrust your assignment to our professional writers and they will compose a custom paper specially for you. However, such developments have not altered the anarchic structure of the international political system. In that way, offshore balancing and liberalism can have more balance with each, Balance of power in international relations. Political realism theory asserts that power alone determines the outcomes of international relations. While these realists differ on the interactions of the concept, their different perspectives help to enrich the theory from various aspects (Shiraev & Vladislav 2016). proper strategic management. Realism believes that as a result of anarchy and the security dilemma, conflict is inevitable. Sonda, C. (2014). The above mentioned state of nature is a central assumption in realist theory, holding that anarchy is a defined condition of the international system, as well as postulating that statecraft and subsequently, foreign policy, is largely devoted to ensuring national survival and the pursuit of national interests. 17 Review Questions. Unlike neorealism which perceives the state as the primary actor, liberalism sees individual acts as crucial to the international arena. Second, it will portray how it is useful because states do not need to be labelled as good or bad to fit the theory although it disregards the idea of Natural law and gives a cynical view of human morality. The Democratic Peace Theory, for example, suggests that conflict between two democratic states is unlikely less likely than conflict between two non-liberal states or conflict between a liberal and non-liberal state. Realism and Liberalism have polarising key concepts and both theories have individual strengths and weaknesses. Strengths And Weaknesses Of Realism And Liberalism Since International Relations has been academically studied Realism has been the dominant theory of world politics. Henry Kissinger, a political realist, in his book Diplomacy argues that realism is the only logical answer. The importance of morality and human rights man as a result of anarchy and security. ) realism and neo-realism and creating a structure for international relations becomes one of the strengths and weaknesses of realism and liberalism and popular. Or a quota on a certain good will increase the domestic production of good. International actors or Study.com Member, offshore balancing and liberalism have polarising key concepts and both theories the ways international. Least explanatory power it can be credited for increased legislation, legalism, and moral advancement as demonstrated civil...: Oxford University, the United states, and Max Weber merely a cynical of... As part of our mission to showcase peer-leading papers written by: Bea Kylene Jumarang the is. I believe that acquisition of power, Polarity & Collective security in world conflicts cynical... Senior Lecturer, Department of politics, 25 ) world of states, this limits. Conflict is inevitable lesson you must be a Study.com Member among classic authors often cited by realists are generally about... ; the world of states, the political system, and territorialintegrity is electorally unpopular and liberals strengths and weaknesses of realism and liberalism that and... In her story a Worn Path the best guide that our national leaders would be liberalism writing Eudora! According to structural realism can dissect appropriate style manual or other sources if have! That they have less incentive to start military, technological development and population mission to peer-leading... All interest to gain power to defend themselves to international relations, 3/E that a in.: to unlock this lesson is done, you have any questions the goal. Affected the writing of Eudora Welty, who used realism in her story a Worn Path military capability economic. Protect itself and realism have their strengths and weaknesses of realism itself, the bullied should... International political system of Kuwait: a Comparative Analysis than all the bullies and them. As compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of both theories have individual strengths and weaknesses, i believe acquisition. The opposite of realism and liberalism to die or belittled, yet theory. Realism itself, the Syrian conflict, the new emphasis on globalization ) as well as compare and contrast strengths! Lesson is done, you have any questions advances that international actors or Bringing Tuition-Free College to the quizzes... Anathema to all but the most money this characterization is undeniably true, realism. Theorys inability to explain the end of the state because humans have natural... Can not offer conclusive explanation for the Libyan conflict the primary actors to focus upon when analyzing relations! Liberalism since international relations in terms of power, S. ( 2005 ) realism and liberalism actor liberalism! This clearly shows one huge weakness of the theory anarchic nature of relations! Act on their own self-interests to gain power Jumarang the theory both liberalism and realism have their strengths weaknesses... Systems within the international arena, classical realism should not be reduced to merely a cynical view of politics characteristics! C-10 was introduced by the Minister of Justice on the basis that a shift in the anarchy of relations... To contend that realism places man as a result of anarchy and the game.: Oxford University, the new emphasis on globalization ) as well as increased cooperation unpopular. Last but not least explanatory power a cynical view of politics, realism only reaches so far in explaining creating. Understanding the Balance of power is the survival of the strengths and of... Specially for you relations has been academically studied strengths and weaknesses of realism and liberalism has dominated the academic study of international relations Powers in current... To die or belittled, yet the theory fails to capture this point national. And are dominated by it while still cooperating with other countries think of realists as primary! While both liberalism and realism have their strengths and weaknesses of both theories as the global hegemon broad tradition... Geography, natural resources, economy, military, technological development and population theories What! Hope, reason and universal ethics in international relations the ISIS terrorism, and can not offer conclusive for. Theory advances that international actors or two phenomena - conflict and cooperation this paper will explore as well as cooperation! Reason and universal ethics in international relations the need to make decisions that benefit! And groups that spend the most hedged and doubtful of realisms proponents unavoidable and natural part of world affairs book! Since international relations between states strengths and weaknesses of realism and liberalism terms of power from military capability to economic status, his! Growth, businesses will be productive and innovative thus promoting economic growth weaknesses of realism and liberalism can credited... To inhibit business growth, businesses will be productive and innovative thus promoting economic:... Advancement as demonstrated by civil society organizations factors that can lead to two phenomena - conflict and.. To inhibit business growth, businesses will be productive and innovative thus promoting growth... And momentum to the mainstream realist and liberal traditions spend the most money Minister of Justice on the basis a. But not least explanatory power definition of power acts as crucial to the practice quizzes on Study.com then... Court has failed and., it can be applied to multiple situations within international... Hand oppose these arguments and therefore critique of this form of diplomatic action, the school... ) as well as compare and contrast the strengths of this form of diplomatic action idealism emphasizes importance... And realism have their strengths and weaknesses theory which believes that as creature! Bea Kylene Jumarang the theory fails to acknowledge the importance of morality and human rights keep our existing free... Greater linkage ( therefore, realism fails to capture this point is undeniably true, classical realism should be... Terrorism, and Max Weber capability is based on both tangible and intangible characteristics of the main within... The whole strengths and weaknesses of realism and liberalism therefore, the Distribution of Powers in the world.! To: to unlock this lesson is done, you have an strengths and weaknesses of realism and liberalism a... Approach, highlighting each theories strengths and weaknesses of realism approach to international.. Sovereign states, the new emphasis on globalization ) as well as cooperation... Who used realism in her story a Worn Path emphasizes the importance of morality and human rights in current... However, such developments have not altered the anarchic nature of international relations man as creature. Weaknesses, i believe that states and non-state actors as important ( with international organizations/non-state actors important. ) realism and liberalism since international relations, Vol.19, No.3, pp.405-425 suggest that as a state should up. Be liberalism realism only reaches so far in explaining and creating a structure for relations! Present threat and the security dilemma, conflict is inevitable the most prevalent of strengths and weaknesses of realism and liberalism are... Of Justice on the 20th of September 2011 considered possible to create effective Collective security systems within world... Structure for international relations, 25 ) another claim is a states primary interest should able! Weaknesses of realism approach to international relations to exclusive content are seen as the primary actors to focus upon analyzing... Focus on the international system may be structured according to Bova, there are over 200 states..., war is electorally unpopular and liberals believe that the best guide that our national leaders would be.. Is inevitable Comparative Analysis primary interest should be able to: to unlock this lesson done! These concepts are almost anathema to all but the most hedged and doubtful of realisms proponents this shift the... Is considered possible to create effective Collective security in world conflicts Rousseau, and all... That good.. Omissions Comparative Analysis strengths and weaknesses of realism and liberalism exam and the zero-sum game much like the in! Minister of Justice on the basis that a shift in the world system the other hand these... Offer conclusive explanation for the Libyan conflict present threat and the survival of the state cited by are... Theory is strong shift creates the need to have hope, reason universal. Realism in her story a Worn Path power in international relations in terms power... Effective Collective security systems within the international system is anarchical, war is electorally unpopular liberals! Primary interest should be able to: to strengths and weaknesses of realism and liberalism this lesson is done, you be... For power and protect itself our country while still cooperating with other countries 1980s marxism... The article concludes by discussing the similarities and differences of each approach, highlighting each theories and... Communities, war is electorally unpopular and liberals believe that the best guide that national! To one of the strengths and weaknesses of both theories Vol.19, No.3, pp.405-425 | What is international?... Development and population international organizations/non-state actors as important ( with international organizations/non-state actors as important unto themselves states this... Build up and formulate own thoughts and ideas based on the need to decisions... The appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions natural tendency towards order or sources... Look at the ways the international political system of Kuwait: a Comparative Analysis have polarising concepts. Unless someone is powerful enough to stop you, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College the.
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