Gender and Aggression Genetic Origins of Aggression Genetic Research on Serotonin Genetical Research on Testosterone Genetics of Aggression Innate Releasing Mechanisms Institutional Aggression in The Context of Prisons Limbic System Media Influences on Aggression Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Serotonin Research In this module, we will focus on various theories that have attempted to explain gender development. First, children start recognizing their own gender groups and begin to build schemas. For example, boys preferred toys that an adult labeled as boy toys. Case studies, questionnaires, laboratory experiments, and interviews. Bem created one theory while Martin and Halverson created another, though we will not dive into the differences between these theories in this book (Dinella, 2017). In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. The structure of personality. This approach believes that biological sex creates gendered behaviour. who suggested that gender identities develop through the use of cognitive representations of concepts known as schemas? As children get older, their corrective feedback becomes subtler. These theories can be generally divided into three families: biological, socialization, and cognitive. First, declarative episodic learning is learning that occurs by observing or modeling behavior, which requires an individual to be able to verbally recall what has been observed. A weakness of this theory is that it is descriptive rather than explanatory. A child may develop a schema about dogs that includes knowledge that dogs are furry creatures with four legs. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. Biological Influences influencing Gender Development : Anatomy [scientific study of male & female human body structures] ; Puberty [Adolescents transition to sexually mature reproductive adults] ; Thus, the conflict is resolved (McLeod, 2008; Sammons, n.d.). how does our physical development help us to understand complex ideas such as gender identity? The model, formulated by Kohlberg, asserts that children recognize their gender identity around age three but do not see it as relatively fixed until the ages of five to seven. Give examples that support your conclusion. Parents begin to socialize children to gender long before they can label their own. Lets think of how schemas are used to begin to interpret ones world. We learned about the psychodynamic theories of Freud and Horney. Everything you need for your studies in one place. The population that I am targeting is infancy through adolescents. This later impacts ones functioning as an adult and is the cause of psychopathology. Describe socialization theories regarding gender. He later ended up killing his father in battle (not knowing it was his father) and later married a woman who it came to be discovered was his mother, though neither Oedipus nor his mother knew about their link to one another. She theorized that men tried to compensate for their inability to carry a child by succeeding in other areas of life (Psychodynamic and neo-Freudian theories, n.d.). A lot of the research that is used to support the theory is conducted using interviews on young children, which makes demand characteristics more likely. Critics suggest that, although biology may play some role in gender identity development, the environmental and social factors are perhaps more powerful in most developmental areas, and gender identity development is no different. Teacher: Phillips Warren Notes will help you get an A on every test 12 gender and sexuality biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender gender: Ultimately, gender roles are divided into females focusing on rearing children and gathering food close to home, whereas males go out and hunt and protect the family. To explain this, social cognitive theory posits that one has enactive experiences (this is essentially when a person receives reactions to gendered behavior), direct instruction (this is when someone is taught knowledge of expected gendered behavior), and modeling (this is when others show someone gendered behavior and expectations). Child Psych EXAM 3. There are two different factors at play: our genetics and our hormones. Its 100% free. A weakness of this theory is that it is descriptive rather than explanatory. The more a child plays with same-gender peers, the more their behavior becomes gender-stereotyped. Outline potential strengths and weaknesses of these theories. they learn the idea that gender is relatively constant that does not change based on superficial factors such as clothing. Moreover, when considering print media, we know that there tends to be a focus on appearance, body image, and relationships for teenage girls, whereas print media tends to focus on occupations and hobbies for boys. Horney developed a Neo-Freudian theory of personality development that recognized some points of Freuds theory as acceptable, but also criticized his theory as being overly biased toward the male. What is the focus of cognitive approaches? As our brains physically develop, our cognitive abilities begin to mature, meaning that we are capable of more complex thought. They also overestimate their sons abilities and underestimate their daughters abilities. When one twin is transgender, it is more likely that the other twin is transgender as well. What are the psychological theories of gender development? When testosterone is low, the baby grows female sex organs, and its brain does not undergo significant gendered changes. Moreover, when females are exposed to higher levels of testosterone, they engage in more male-typical play (e.g., preference for trucks over dolls, active play over quiet), rather than female-typical play compared to their counterparts (Hines et al., 2002; Klubeck, Fuentes, Kim-Prieto, 2017; Pasterski et al., 2005). One of the negative side-effects is that it mutates DNA and alters its expression. If they learn new information that does not align with what they already know, they will adjust their schema so they are aligned. Epigenetics does not look at DNA, but rather things that may impact DNA mutations or the expression of DNA. ), or if they were overly threatened by females in their family (especially their mothers), they may develop contempt for their own gender. of the users don't pass the Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development quiz! She also indicated that if females perceived that they had lost the love of their father to another woman (often to the mother) then the individual may become more insecure. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. As children get older, peers become increasingly influential. These stages are: Gender Identity Gender Stability Gender Constancy Let's take a deeper look at each stage now. The infant is born into a gendered world! We have the pattern XX (for a female) or XY (for a male) within this chromosome. 2 Society tends to see gender as binary. Briefly, Oedipus was separated from his mother and father early in life. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Fig. Third is nondeclarative motor learning, which heavily involves the cerebellum. As such, the groups that formed tended to be kin and shared similar DNA. For instance, the female and male genitalia are different both internally and externally. Although interpretations and adherence to gender stereotypes is very rigid initially, as children get enter middle childhood, they learn more about stereotypes and that gender stereotypes are flexible and varied (Bussey, 2014). Write by: . Did you know that infants can differentiate between male and female faces and voices in their first year of life (typically between 6-12 months of age; Fagan, 1976; Miller, 1983)? However, the different in- and out-groups, which are cognitive concepts that boys and girls identify with during their early years, can significantly impact their gender expression. 4.1.1.1. Ultimately, Freud theorized that an individuals psychosomatic distress (physical symptoms that occur due to psychological distress) was a manifestation of internal conflicts. Chapter. 4.3.1. We must first base our theories on the assumption that gender identity is a cognitive concept, i.e., something occurring in our minds and not biologically determined or strictly behavioural. People with Klinefelter's syndrome have the chromosomal pattern XXY, which results in different physical characteristics than typical males with an XY chromosome. Freud and other psychoanalysts believed this was the only way to resolve the internal conflict in the subconscious, and to then alleviate the physical and psychological maladjustment that was presenting in the individual. Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman (2010) state that cognition involves the ability to take in information, process it, store it, and finally retrieve and use it (pg. Furthermore, as children aged, mothers then affirmed childrens gender generalization statements when made. An understanding of these roles is evident in children as young as age four, and they play a large role in social development. This basic evil and basic hostility ultimately led to anxiety. Lets look at a few of those factors. According to Kohlbergs theory of gender development, what do children develop at the age of three? Things can only be one or the other, and there is very little flexibility in schemas. If you want to read more about a case that Freud worked on that directly deals with and outlines the Oedipus complex, https://www.simplypsychology.org/little-hans.html has a nice summary of the story of Little Hans. Describe how legal and ethical considerations for group and family therapy differ from those for individual therapy, and explain how these differences might impact your therapeutic approaches for . 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