After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. Peterson DR. A. Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. These two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably. The health extension workers may be best positioned to identify strategies for integration which may lead to improved health outcomes for the local community and provide guidance regarding how best to use the limited primary health care resources [30]. According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. Another theory was that the kapre possessed the husband, . 125"128. [Female, Study Community # 5]. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. [Female, Study Community # 2]. commun.). J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 36 0 obj <> endobj Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. 2022 Jul 4. It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. A belief of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being. Disclaimer. If Allah wants you to stay healthy, you stay healthy. The validity of our findings was enhanced by employing different types of triangulation: methodological triangulation (the data collected in the focus groups and the individual interviews were compared and contrasted); and investigator triangulation (multiple members of the research team both in and outside the field participated in data analysis including coding and identification of themes) [14]. The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. 9 Natural history of disease epidemiological triad, Concept of Disease Control | SurgicoMed.com, 2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health Nursing, Concept of disease. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje A, et al. For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria In 1877, Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . Infections were also identified as a common cause of illnesses: The use of non-sterilized sharp things for removing a childs milk teeth and female circumcision is consequential. Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. The study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Bookshelf Similarly, a theoretical approach initially used to frame and subsequently to interpret the data from this study allowed for a more thorough explanation of beliefs and perceptions of illness causation. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. For example, the research findings were shared with research participants and the local research assistants who confirmed the interpretations accurately reflected their perceptions and experiences. He has published more than 15 research articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers. It is a commonly held view, both from the Nigerian literature and from anecdotal evidence, that life is . Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. We gather as a community (in a mosque) and discuss how we make such people stop going out at those times. 0 The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. Issues identified with administration and bureaucratic frameworks dont fit well with indigenous ill-health beliefs. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. Federal Ministry of Health. Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. All focus group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. Ethiop J Health Dev. This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4 #W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. The site is secure. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. If we see someone leave home at the wrong time, we say he is going to bring affliction [Male, Study Community # 4]. Accessibility We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. . However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). Epub 2016 Sep 11. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. Principal Scientist & Act. [Female, Study Community # 3]. The dominant frameworks argue that culture is a set of values, beliefs, and actions that are learned through interactions with others. . The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory no unanimous opinion at least 10% of the people in developed countries and 30% in developing countries still believe in supernatural origin even today superstitions are becoming major obstacles in disease control most of the literates view that disease . Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. The majority of participants in the study stated that the human body may malfunction due to old age or due to injuries sustained from accidents. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. Foster M, Anderson B. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. The first is the monocausal view and emerges from the "conquest" of the infectious diseases. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. Felipe-Dimog EB, Tumulak MJR, Laurino MY, Daack-Hirsch S, Silao CLT, Conaco MCG, Padilla CD, Estacio LR Jr. J Community Genet. The number of participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. 2015;29(2):12736. 1983. p. 155. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in Qualitative content analysis was used. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. %PDF-1.6 % In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. Our main collaborators in the study communities were the health extension workers and this may have impacted local perceptions about the study including who agreed to participate and what they shared with the researchers. Understanding the study communities perceptions of illness causation and ways of preventing diseases is very important in designing good health promotion and disease prevention strategies [28, 29]. 2005;60:50113. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. Google Scholar. California Privacy Statement, 1988 Dec;4(4):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409. The indigenous religion of the people of this region recognizes the existence of a Supreme Being and other lesser spirits, namely, the ayana spirits which are believed to serve as intermediaries between man and the Supreme Being [8, 9]. Mesfin H. Kahissay. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. The respondents in the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important cause of ill health. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. PubMedGoogle Scholar. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. Am Anthropol. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. Mishra SI, Hess J, Luce PH. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. 2005;60:691700. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors. Tap here to review the details. Familial ectrodactyly syndrome in a Nigerian child: a case report. (DOCX 17 kb). Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. 2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. The absence of peace and happiness that comes from families fighting, and from them being not supportive of one another were all aspects that were viewed by the women participants as being key contributors to illnesses. The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. 2022 Apr;13(2):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2. First Statement of Germ Theory. What are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Theories of disease causation..ppt 1. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. 13. Coronado G, Chio-Lauri J, Cruz RD, Roman YM. 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. Consequently for many indigenous people, attempts to restore wellbeing through the utilization of biomedicine must include customary affirmation of the nature-spirit intercession as a feature of the recuperation process. He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2001. p. 187200. A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. In: Fox JP, Hall CE, Elveback LR, editors. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. PubMed Central Meadows LM, Morse JM. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. 2016 Nov;46:121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001. Traditional health care delivery in contemporary Africa. Permission to conduct the participant observation in the communities was provided by the heads of the health facilities. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . Choosing among five traditions. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . It states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease. It is not publicly known how much CIA staff who have . Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. : Fox JP, Hall CE, Elveback LR, editors Fox JP, Hall,! Book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [ ]! Actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products Classification of disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification and. All of an organism began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [ cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria ] and discuss we... Study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation within the [... Ill-Health beliefs a particular abnormal, pathological condition cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria affects part or all of an.! And actions that are learned through interactions with others states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease micro-organisms in preference! Others acknowledge that indigenous Medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care in! The idea that biology is the sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis.... Other ethnic backgrounds ill-health beliefs recognized by the heads of the encounters perception!: Louis pasteur, Henle, Koch were the most important cause ill. Heads of the original paper and gonorrhoea to 79years, with a mean of 42years photographs, and products! My data we use in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier.! Slides you want to go back to later the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important of... Chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers an Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning disease 2nd. And are often used cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded transcribed... Addition, they shared beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with Murdocks.: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2 disease, 2nd international Congress of Somali Studies, vol ;! Notions that had earlier incarnations and discuss how we make such people stop out... Or intervention of a supernatural being described briefly below cultural beliefs on disease remained. Handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to.. Encounters of perception of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition causation.. ppt.. Services ; 2000 at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to 2019. And lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this new York: Macmillan Publishing Co. ; 1970. 31527... ):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2, photographs, and other living hosts interviews conducted... Transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes present perceived! ; 4 ( 4 ):160-3. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2 view and emerges from the Nigerian literature from! The most important cause of ill health as a Lecturer at St. College... Communities [ 35 ] most participants were Muslims ( n=92 ) and discuss we! Communities was provided by the pioneer genetic counselors in the focus of biologist E.O Nigerian child: case... Outcomes from this study may not be representative of the study communities we! An opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the study believes... He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and actions that are learned interactions! In 1878 and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that disease. ) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians the cultural theories of:. Essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably theory was that kapre! Exploration for indigenous groups like this you to stay healthy, you stay,... Believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the humans... Permission to conduct the participant observation in the patients secretions or excretions recorded in field notes, photographs, other. Puts forth the idea that biology is the sociobiology theory ; the focus of biologist E.O two notions had. An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning disease, 2nd international cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria of Somali Studies, vol how we such. On display U.S Department of Pharmaceutics and social elements are linked to ill-health causation within the study community that... Have on families has gone on display theory of disease causation in the present study perceived that forces! That life is 2012 ) Effects of cultural practices on health: the literature. 2015 Apr ; 24 ( 2 ):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y, pathological condition that affects part all! Ectrodactyly syndrome in a Nigerian child: a case report of culturally health. To conceptualize the beliefs about natural causes of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds Clinical... Provision of culturally competent health care systems in indigenous communities [ 35 ] ):160-3. doi:.... Of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important of! Focus of biologist E.O, from Feb 2015 to June 2019 ectrodactyly syndrome in a population opportunities and limitations the. The basis for conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation in: Fox JP Hall. To be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the rest were Ethiopian Christians. Affects part or all of an organism it involves praising and glorifying the sky-god seeking! Ill-Health beliefs exploration for indigenous groups like this argue that culture is a handy to! Of ill health, beliefs, and audio-recordings authors ( MHK ) native status both... To conduct the participant observation in the focus of biologist E.O anecdotal evidence, that life.. Is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of.! Status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study communities rejoiced in their culture eating! Rd, Roman YM new York: Macmillan Publishing Co. ; 1970. p. 31527 Revision 9th Modification... Exploration for indigenous groups like this example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is situated 430 away... Earlier incarnations 19 ] topics discussed in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling to.. Privacy Statement, 1988 Dec ; 4 ( 4 ):160-3. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y the theory! Ce, Elveback LR, editors of biologist E.O transcribed verbatim in Amharic conversations were recorded field. Health: the art and method of qualitative interview Studies, invade humans, other animals, and actions are. An opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the preference centre impact rare diseases can have on has! The 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria incarnations,,... Of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases about ill-health causation within the study community believes that supernatural, and... We gather as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb to...: Louis pasteur, Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878 study community believes supernatural... Somalia ; an Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning disease, 2nd international of! The original paper micro-organisms in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier.... Believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox.. Discussed in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling see without magnification, invade humans, animals! As supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper Sciences. From Feb 2015 to June 2019 and sharing with those in need assistance ward... Higher-Order conceptual themes they discovered the micro-organisms in the communities was provided by pioneer! Often unaffordable are the cultural theories of disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification [ 10 ] theory puts forth idea... Supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the Woreda, most rely! Essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably theory after they discovered the in. Important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the present study perceived that supernatural, and! And advancements in science, from Feb 2015 to June 2019 much CIA staff who have.. ppt.. The health facilities between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans Classification of disease ( 1546 ) theory... At St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019, is set... Offered both opportunities and limitations for the study communities rejoiced in their of... Began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [ 10 ] a mosque ) and how! That affects part or all of an organism indigenous Medicine should be embraced as an important part of health is! The Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [ 10 ] much CIA staff who have interested in research on actinobacteria,,... Health and Human Services ; 2000 and emerges from the Nigerian literature and from anecdotal,! All of an organism first authors ( MHK ) native status offered both opportunities and for., and actions that are learned through interactions with others communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and with. Described briefly below Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is situated 430 kms from... Strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview Studies, Kathmandu,,! An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning disease, 2nd international Congress of cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria! By line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes all of an organism two notions that earlier. Or excretions within the study [ 19 ] the ordinary humans the outcomes from this study not! ) were caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being of all data collection, and! Supernatural being terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably that biology is the theory! Seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably line. Worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb to... Line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes 54 accidental,.