[308] In February 2004, the eastern wall of the Mount was damaged by an earthquake. [97] According to the Talmud, the Foundation Stone is the spot from where the world was created and expanded into its current form. To Muslims, the Temple Mount is called Haram . [15] The Temple Mount is the place Jews turn towards during prayer. Friedman Historic Cities of the Islamic World edited by Clifford Edmund Bosworth P: 226. [312], In July 2007 the Muslim religious trust which administers the Mount began digging a 400-metre-long (1,300ft), 1.5-metre-deep (4.9ft) trench[313] from the northern side of the Temple Mount compound to the Dome of the Rock[314] in order to replace 40-year-old[315] electric cables in the area. Some scholars, such as Kenyon and Ritmeyer, argued that the walls of the First Temple compound extended eastward as far as the Eastern Wall. Do most Muslims agree? It was destroyed by the Roman Empire at the height of the First Jewish-Roman War in 70 CE. [262][263][264], Due to religious restrictions on entering the most sacred areas of the Temple Mount (see following section), the Western Wall, a retaining wall for the Temple Mount and remnant of the Second Temple structure, is considered by some rabbinical authorities to be the holiest accessible site for Jews to pray at. Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad led prayers towards this site until the 17th month after he migrated from Mecca to Medina . The successors to the Ayyubids, the Mamluks, controlled the Temple Mount for 256 years and did no better. ca. The southern section of the western flank is revealed and contains what is known as the Western Wall. Together with the extension of Israeli jurisdiction and administration over east Jerusalem, the Knesset passed the Preservation of the Holy Places Law,[256] ensuring protection of the Holy Places against desecration, as well as freedom of access thereto. The site, along with the whole of East Jerusalem (which includes the Old City), was controlled by Jordan from 1948 until 1967, and has been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967. The Book of Isaiah foretells the international importance of the Temple Mount: And it shall come to pass in the end of days, that the mountain of the LORD'S house shall be established as the top of the mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall flow unto it. [185][36], According to Patrich and Edelcopp, the ideal area of the complex, described in Ezekiel as 50x50 cubits, was attained by the Hasmoneans, perhaps under John Hyrcanus; this is the same size later mentioned by the Mishnah.[36]. According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the Night Journey was associated with Jerusalem by the Umayyads as a political means to advance the glory of Jerusalem to compete with the glory of the sanctuary in Mecca then controlled by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. The "land of Moriah" ( , eret ha-Mriyyh) is the name given by Genesis to the location of the binding of Isaac. The mosque was built on top of the Temple Mount, known as the Al Aqsa Compound or Haram esh-Sharif in Islam. A Muslim custom is to build a mosque on the spot that their defeated foe held sacred. It was also customary in Roman rites to sacrifice a pig in land purification ceremonies. [137] Thus, according to this tradition, Umar thereby reconsecrated the site as a mosque. [204][206] Church historians wrote that the Jews began to clear away the structures and rubble on the Temple Mount but were thwarted, first by a great earthquake, and then by miracles that included fire springing from the earth. This mountain top can be seen today, inside the Islamic Dome of the Rock. xxiv. The Fadhail of Jerusalem inspired Muslims, especially during the Umayyad period, to embellish the sanctity of the city beyond its status in the holy texts. This Jewish Holy Temple, called the Second Temple, was the holiest Jewish site of worship until it was destroyed by the Roman Empire in the 70 A.D. as punishment for a Jewish revolt. To the Jews it is known as Har HaMoriyah ("Mount Moriah") and Har HaBayit ("Temple Mount"); to Muslims it is known as Haram el Sharif ("the Sacred Noble Sanctuary"). How it came to be connected with the Koran is explained here: . [170][171] The qibla was relocated to the Kaaba where Muslims have been directed to pray ever since. It is located above the Western Wall, part of an . [210][211] A popular account from later centuries is that the Rashidun Caliph Umar was led to the place reluctantly by the Christian patriarch Sophronius. [15], The Temple Mount is the place Jews turn towards during prayer. Several stairways rise to the upper platform from the lower; that at the northwest corner is believed by some archaeologists be part of a much wider monumental staircase, mostly hidden or destroyed, and dating from the Second Temple era. [178] In 2014, Finkelstein, Koch and Lipschits proposed that the tell of ancient Jerusalem lies beneath the modern-day compound, rather than the nearby archeological site known as the City of David, as mainstream archaeology believes;[179] however, this proposal was rejected by other scholars of the subject. [96] Jewish tradition further places the Temple Mount as the location for a number of important events which occurred in the Bible, including the Binding of Isaac, Jacob's dream, and the prayer of Isaac and Rebekah. In: A.G. Vaughn and A.E. The Arabs conquered the city from the Byzantine Empire which had retaken it in 629. A Lost Inscription from the Dome of the Rock? Israel's courts have considered the issue as one beyond their remit, and, given the delicacy of the matter, under political jurisdiction. [180], All scholars agree that the Iron Age Temple Mount was smaller than the Herodian compound still visible today. [138], Muslim interpretations of the Quran agree that the Mount is the site of the Temple originally built by Solomon, considered a prophet in Islam, that was later destroyed. [220] The question then becomes whether the site can be ascertained accurately. [177] Alternatively, Na'aman suggested that Solomon built the Temple on a much smaller scale than the one described in the Bible, which was enlarged or rebuilt during the 8th century BCE. Cistern 11 (located east of cistern 9) a set of vaulted rooms forming a plan shaped like the letter E. Probably the largest cistern, it has the potential to house over 700,000 gallons of water. More such stones are supposed to survive underground. [155] A group of Islamic scholars understood the story of Muhammad's ascension from al-Aqsa Mosque as relating to the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. Climate III. Aelia came from Hadrian's nomen gentile, Aelius, while Capitolina meant that the new city was dedicated to Jupiter Capitolinus, to whom a temple was built overlapping the site of the former second Jewish temple, the Temple Mount. The existing four minarets include three near the Western Wall and one near the northern wall. In 610, the Sassanid Empire drove the Byzantine Empire out of the Middle East, giving the Jews control of Jerusalem for the first time in centuries. [233] Rocks were eventually thrown, while security forces fired rounds that ended up killing 21 people and injuring 150 more. After the Six-Day War of 1967, Israeli archeologists began a series of excavations near the site at the southern wall that uncovered finds from the Second Temple period through Roman, Umayyad and Crusader times. (2009). (Khalidi, Rashid. I said earlier that the Temple Mount has been controlled by . The Masjid al-Aqsa of Jerusalem is linked in the Quran to the story of the night journey of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Jerusalem and has deep religious meaning for Muslims across the world. In an article in the Saudi news outlet Okaz, Yamani claims that the mosque is actually located in Al Ju'ranah, near Mecca in Saudi Arabia. The second was built in 1297 by order of a Mameluk king, the third by a governor of Jerusalem in 1329, and the last in 1367. [83] In 1982, it was added to the List of World Heritage in Danger.[84]. [299], Over the period 197088, a number of tunnels were excavated in the vicinity, including one that passed to the west of the Mount and became known as the Western Wall Tunnel, which was opened to the public in 1996. Jewish attitudes towards entering the site vary. The Temple Mount refers to the platform and complex upon which stood the Temple constructed by Herod the Great. [272] This warning was reiterated by the Council of the Chief Rabbinate a few days later, which issued an explanation written by Rabbi Bezalel Jolti (Zolti) that "Since the sanctity of the site has never ended, it is forbidden to enter the Temple Mount until the Temple is built. [298] Israeli archaeological digs at the southwestern corner of Temple Mount discovered traces of four Muslim palaces built under the Umayyad Caliphate, though the remains have not been well preserved but instead had a museum built upon them. Robert Shick, 'A Christian City with a Major Muslim Shrine: Jerusalem in the Umayyad Period,' in Arietta Papaconstantinou (ed. The Knights Templar, who believed the Dome of the Rock was the site of the Solomon's Temple, gave it the name "Templum Domini" and set up their headquarters in al-Aqsa Mosque adjacent to the Dome for much of the 12th century. A 2013 Knesset committee hearing considered allowing Jews to pray at the site, amidst heated debate. When a group of Palestinians left the mosque after Friday prayers (Jumu'ah,) they hurled stones at the police. Dome of the Rock (Courtesy: Getty Images) Al-Aqsa ("The Farthest") Mosque This is the smaller, lead-covered dome located south of the Dome of the Rock, believed to have been completed in the eighth century. Despite the currently narrow entrances, this cistern (17 and 16 are the same cistern) is a large vaulted chamber, which Warren described as looking like the inside of the cathedral at, Bab al-Jana'iz/al-Buraq (Gate of the Funerals/of al-Buraq); eastern wall; a hardly noticeable. [115], Jewish texts predict that the Mount will be the site of a Third and final Temple, which will be rebuilt with the coming of the Messiah. [68], During the period of Mamluk[69] (12601517) and Ottoman rule (15171917), the wider compound began to also be popularly known as the Haram al-Sharif, or al-aram ash-Sharf (Arabic: ), which translates as the "Noble Sanctuary". Several passages in the Hebrew Bible indicate that during the time when they were written, the Temple Mount was identified as Mount Zion. Al-Aqsa Mosque is the world's third-holiest site for Muslims. Appendix H, in: Yosef Ben Matityahu ([Titus] Flavius Josephus), harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPruitt2014 (. Arab-Israeli MPs were ejected for disrupting the hearing, after shouting at the chairman, calling her a "pyromaniac". [249] According to then Jerusalem police commissioner Yohanan Danino, the place is at the center of a "holy war" and "anyone who wants to change the status quo on the Temple Mount should not be allowed up there", citing an "extreme right-wing agenda to change the status quo on the Temple Mount"; Hamas and Islamic Jihad continued to erroneously assert that the Israeli government planned to destroy Al-Aksa Mosque, resulting in chronic terrorist attacks and rioting.[250]. Jewish visits are often prevented or considerably restricted. Germany:Anchor Academic Publishing,2015, p. 361-362, Shahar, Y. [254] A higher Israel court quickly reversed the lower court's ruling.[255]. Maimonides wrote that it was only permitted to enter the site to fulfill a religious precept. Jewish attitudes towards entering the site vary. [221] The Temple Mount remains, under the terms of the 1994 IsraelJordan peace treaty, under Jordanian custodianship. It was destroyed by the Babylonians in the year 586 BCE., but it was soon rebuilt and was rededicated to the worship of Allah in 516 BCE. In 637 Arabs besieged and captured the city from the Byzantine Empire, which had defeated the Persian forces and their allies, and reconquered the city. [226] Subsequently, several prime ministers also made attempts to change the status quo, but failed to do so. [23][24][25], Since the Crusades launched by the Latin Church (11th13th century), the Muslim community of Jerusalem has managed the site through the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf. 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