Cuba has failed to meet the conditions necessary to lift the embargo in the first place. The removal of tariffs creates greater choice for consumers. Middle Eastern countries have an abundance of oil. However, it can lead to compromise as countries pool economic sovereignty. Venture Capital: How It Works, How It Makes Money, Investment Horizon, Hedge Funds Strategy: Macro, event-driven, relative value, and equity hedge strategies, Leveraged Buyout (LBO): How it Works, Funding Sources, Criteria for Target, Private Equity: Examples, Strategies, Targets, Its Ways To Make Money, The Role of Business in Society and the Economy, Government Intervention: Examples, Reasons, and Impacts, Business Size: Definition, Measurement, Classification, Span of Control: Importance, Types, Advantages, Disadvantages, Trade Blocs: Meaning, Types, Pros, and Cons, Import Tariff: Purposes, Types, Advantages, and Disadvantages, Deferral of international financial rocks, Prohibition of access to international financial markets, Prohibition of transfer of payments or financial transactions, Prohibition of export or import transactions, Freezing of financial or non-financial transactions, Prohibits the sale or purchase of high technology products. There are several forms of embargoes that can be imposed on a state or country, including: Some trade embargoes allow the exchange of certain goods, such as food and medicine, to meet humanitarian needs. In general, subsidies lower production costs enabling producers to make a profit at lower price levels. Free tradethe opposite of protectionismis a policy of completely unrestricted trade between countries. However, under President Trump, the restrictions were tightened once again. At times, trade embargoes work because they can contribute to more peace and stability, and they can even prevent the debilitation of human rights violations, terrorism, aggression and nuclear threat. Industries are only operating at one-third capacity. For more information on choosing credible sources for your paper, check out this blog post. 8. 2. International trade improves financial performance. Trade barriers can limit their ability to export products, leading to loss of revenue and decreased profit. It is a policy which hurts the economy of the United States. Import deposit This cookie is used to collect information on user preference and interactioin with the website campaign content. The Cold War is over. The cookie is used for recognizing the browser or device when users return to their site or one of their partner's site. They are designed to punish the targeted country for its actions, and to deny it the means to carry out objectionable policies. Cuba doesnt want our political influence on the island, just as the U.S. government wants to keep ideas of extreme socialism at bay as well. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. "OFAC Sanctioned Countries.". Also, the move to free trade tends to create winners and losers with some domestic industries losing out to lower-cost imports. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. This also means the exchange rates in those emerging markets may fluctuate wildly, making it difficult to forecast finances for budgeting purposes. Instead of competing for a small sliver of that domestic market, going through international trade can help an organization target similar foreign markets where competition may be much lower. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The cookie stores a unique ID used for identifying the return users device and to provide them with relevant ads. This cookie is set by Youtube. Trading blocks are groups of countries who form trade agreements between themselves. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. This causes an increase in cultural awareness and spread the flow of information and given a choice to workers. Over the years, the U.S. has lightened some of the trade restrictions on Cuba to allow consumer goods. This cookie is used to keep track of the last day when the user ID synced with a partner. 2. No goods entered from Cuba into the United States or vice versa. They decided to empty out their institutions and prisons, which created a sudden surge of asylum seekers and illegal immigrants from the island. When the Carter Administration attempted to end the travel ban to Cuba in 1977, the response from their government was quick and decisive. Most governments change only when there is a bottom-up movement that creates so much pressure on the nations leaders that there is no other alternative. This coookie is used to collect data on visitor preference and behaviour on website inorder to serve them with relevant content and advertisement. Countries use embargoes to punish and deter objectionable behavior without resorting to military force, often in response to human rights violations and armed conflict. ", Yale University Economic Growth Center. The most drastic and potentially inflammatory form of import quota, the embargo is a total prohibition against importing a certain product into a country. The Davos World Economic Forum is an annual meeting of business leaders and politicians to focus on global challenges. Note that the specific purpose of economic sanctions depends on the context in which they are used. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Disadvantage. In 1962, 1992, and 1996, the USA defined the embargo in terms of human rights, stating that if Cuba wanted to reopen trade with the US, it had to improve its human rights record, release. According to the Geneva, Switzerland-based World Economic Forum, the result of multinational embargoes is never a zero-sum game. Relying on the power of a government, a state with a stronger economy can cause more damage to the target state than it will suffer in response. Embargoes can take several forms, such as political, trade, and those that are environmental in nature. For example, after Fidel Castro came to power, the US imposed a trade embargo on Cuba. Since no one would work for the local currency (which equaled $3 per month back then), the bottom-up changes forced the government to encourage more work by paying in U.S. currency. The cookie is used for targeting and advertising purposes. 3. Over time, the experiences gained in the foreign market can help an organization be able to establish a stronger domestic presence as well. Joining a customs union may lead to increased import tariffs which leads to trade diversion. This cookie is used for promoting events and products by the webiste owners on CRM-campaign-platform. This cookie is used to track the individual sessions on the website, which allows the website to compile statistical data from multiple visits. Sanctions can be targeted, preventing deals by and with specific companies, organisations, or people. If Eurozone goes into recession, it will affect all countries in the Eurozone. The domain of this cookie is owned by the Sharethrough. Although there are plenty of supporters on both sides of this debate, it is the people who are the real losers here with this economic policy. Here are the key points to consider. It helps to know whether a visitor has seen the ad and clicked or not. ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/protectionism-definition-and-examples-4571027. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/protectionism-definition-and-examples-4571027. Product standards limit imports by imposing minimum safety and quality requirements for certain products. When the OPEC nations reduce production, U.S. consumers see higher gasoline prices. "Cuba Sanctions. However, it can lead to compromise as countries pool economic sovereignty. Using the minimum wage as a basis for calculation, it could purchase four liters of milk, a pound of pork, or a two-pound chicken in the unofficial markets. "Sanctions on South Africa: What Did They Do? Any step of the sales process could create an offense. How OPEC (and Non-OPEC) Production Affects Oil Prices, Trade Sanction: Definition, Purpose, Types, and Examples, Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Countries and Economy, Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC): Definition, Sanctions, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, The Secret Life of Statutes: A Century of the Trading With the Enemy Act, 50 USC Ch. In order to ensure greater ease, competitiveness, and efficiency in trade in the future, trade facilitation measures are now being implemented so that weak bureaucracy and productivity issues may be addressed. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Here Are the Advantages of International Trade 1. This cookie is used to store a random ID to avoid counting a visitor more than once. However, it has been used a few times throughout history. Cuba is no longer a threat for such an outcome, so it doesnt represent the same threat to American safety. The cookie is set by CasaleMedia. Similarly, the embargo on oil exports to the U.S. imposed by Arab members of theOrganization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC) during the 1973 Arab-Israeli War failed to end U.S. support for Israel. "Understanding the Pros and Cons of Protectionism." However, the punishment does not always lead to a change in the embargoed governments political behavior. The most no votes that the resolution has ever received since 1992 was 4. This cookie is set by Addthis.com to enable sharing of links on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, This cookie is used to recognize the visitor upon re-entry. This cookie is set by the provider Media.net. The restrictions may serve as a basis for suspending or terminating the performance of all or some specific obligations of specific countries, their organizations, and citizens. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". ", U.S. Department of the Treasury. This ID is used to continue to identify users across different sessions and track their activities on the website. Embargoes can be successful in their goal of punishing the targeted country, however. The list of professional baseball players who have defected from Cuba is extensive, with many of them playing multiple season in the top flight of the league. 1. In a bilateral deal between the US and South-East Asian trading block. If a company does most of its trading in US dollars, then trading with Japan to spread the risk of the exchange rate between the yen and the dollar can potentially add to the profits of the company. Gives small countries a greater say in global trade agreements. Free trade can lead to structural unemployment as resources shift from uncompetitive industries to newer industries. 1. Revenue streams have some protection. Business Finance An alternative to using a letter of credit is export credit insurance. While it may be of temporary benefit in developing countries . ", U.S. Department of the Treasury. A customs union has a common external tariff on imports. The idea of tariffs is to make the imported product less attractive to consumers than the same locally produced product, thus protecting the local business and its workers. The variety of historical and modern cases of establishing an embargo makes it possible to classify the use of such a policy in foreign trade activities on various grounds. This cookie is associated with Quantserve to track anonymously how a user interact with the website. "The Secret Life of Statutes: A Century of the Trading With the Enemy Act. We'll take a look right away. The United States is the only country who is still enforcing an embargo on trade with Cuba. The cookie stores a videology unique identifier. Only humanitarian U.S. products can be sold in Cuba, with even foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies not allowed to trade. Owing to the sheer level of economic isolation and threat to trading relationships, the effects of trade embargoes can be especially damaging to the business, trade and commerce of a country, impacting a countrys GDP as well. Trading blocs have the following advantages and disadvantages: Advantages Disadvantages; Promotes free trade, which means trading without tariffs : The U.S. faced an Arab oil embargo in 1973-1974 over its support for Israel. Export Restrictions: What Are They, and How Do They Work? The purpose of the cookie is not known yet. Additionally, carefully applied subsidies can protect local jobs and help local companies adjust to global market demands and pricing. The embargo with Cuba is a full embargo, which includes the import and export of all goods and services. In addition to their limited likelihood of prompting a policy change by the targeted country, embargoes have been criticized for hurting subject populations with no role in setting or carrying out the objectionable policies. The cookie is used for ad serving purposes and track user online behaviour. A disadvantage of joining a customs union is that a country is not able to pursue its own independent trade deals. Since tariffs are paid by the importers, the price of imported goods in local markets is increased. About two years after the Cuban Revolution, exports to Cuba except for food and medicine occurred because the Castro regime nationalized American-owned oil refineries without compensation. Stores information about how the user uses the website such as what pages have been loaded and any other advertisement before visiting the website for the purpose of targeted advertisements. Human rights have always been the primary stipulation of the embargo. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. If there is such concern about immigration and vetting, then eliminating the embargo would help the United States start to help people in their home nation instead of admitting them entry here. It spreads out the risk a brand and business must assume. There will always be brands and businesses that succeed more than others in any trade deal. This cookie is used by Google to make advertising more engaging to users and are stored under doubleclick.net. While based on a concern for public health, the delay prevents some specialty French cheeses from being imported, thus providing local producers a better market for their own pasteurized versions. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. AWSALB is a cookie generated by the Application load balancer in the Amazon Web Services. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. Every country has goods or services it cant make or grow on its own, making international trade extremely important. The official exchange rate in the 1990s was 1-to-1, but the black market ratio was 130 pesos for every $1. They are considered legal barriers to trade, and governments may implement such measures to achieve specific economic and political goals. Nontariff Barrier: A nontariff barrier is a form of restrictive trade where barriers to trade are set up and take a form other than a tariff . This cookie is used for advertising purposes. 4. ", U.S. Department of the Treasury. This cookie is set by StatCounter Anaytics. It works slightly different from AWSELB. In this sense, protectionism is in direct opposition to the reality that a countrys economy will prosper only when its workers are free to specialize at what they do best rather than trying to make the country self-sufficient. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. A trade embargo works by taking the ability to trade goods and services away from that country. Since the American people could not visit the island, the impact that they could make on society was minimal at best. This includes a weapons embargo along with other military goods. This allows them to augment the returns they achieve on their investments into research and development. Brittany Was Lost; Treaty of redon (1489) had to supply 6,000 Archers; Perkin Warbeck was welcomed into France . That makes consumers have to pay higher prices for imported products. To learn more, read our. What hooks you? "U.S. Official Says Export Curbs on Russia Hit Car Production and Tank Building. In the year 2014, members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreed to sign the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). A free, comprehensive best practices guide to advance your financial modeling skills, Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA), Commercial Banking & Credit Analyst (CBCA), Capital Markets & Securities Analyst (CMSA), Certified Business Intelligence & Data Analyst (BIDA), Financial Planning & Wealth Management (FPWM), According to the Geneva, Switzerland-based. How much immigration has there been in the UK? Embargoes are most often directed at a state, a country, or a group of countries. 7. 2. This has created issues for the North Korean economy, but it has done little to deter the government from nuclear testing. This cookie helps to categorise the users interest and to create profiles in terms of resales of targeted marketing. Increased competition. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookie is used to determine whether a user is a first-time or a returning visitor and to estimate the accumulated unique visits per site. This leaves countries especially vulnerable to the fluctuations of other economies. Protectionism is considered to be the opposite of free trade, which is the total absence of government restrictions on trade. 3. Trade barrier arguments Countries joining a rich trading block can benefit from inward investment and increased trade opportunities. For example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits the content of mercury in imported and domestically harvested fish sold for human consumption to one part per million. The United Nations provides the possibility of imposing an embargo as a collective repressive measure against a specific country or countries whose actions pose a threat to international security. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The main reason is usually political and aims to suppress the government of a nation. Longley, Robert. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. This cookie is set by Casalemedia and is used for targeted advertisement purposes. Macbeth) in the essay title portion of your citation. Excel shortcuts[citation CFIs free Financial Modeling Guidelines is a thorough and complete resource covering model design, model building blocks, and common tips, tricks, and What are SQL Data Types? "The Advantages and Disadvantages of Embargos, Quotas, Tariffs, and Trading Blocs." This trade diversifies the products and services that domestic customers can receive. Protectionism is commonly implemented by the imposition of tariffs, quotas on import and exports, product standard, and government subsidies. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Embargoes can bar all trade, or may. High import tariffs to make the target countrys goods more expensive when entering the domestic market. "Syria Sanctions. This cookie is used to measure the number and behavior of the visitors to the website anonymously. Would Falling House Prices Push Economy into Recession? With no foreign competition, industries see no need for innovation. On the other hand there are also disadvantages to trade blocs for example socially - due to the free movement of labour which means that there are relaxed borders can mean that it is extremely easy for immigrants to move around the . It provides a foundation for international growth. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Loss of sovereignty and independence. Disadvantages: They can often trigger competing bilateral agreements between other countries. The cookie is set by Adhigh. Is there any justification for a continued embargo if no legitimate threat is present? This cookie is used to identify an user by an alphanumeric ID. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Trade War The advantages and disadvantages of trade wars in particular, and protectionism in general, are the subjects of fierce and ongoing debate.. The U.S. president has the authority to impose embargoes and other sanctions during times of war under the Trading With the Enemy Act. The average person living in Cuba does not have access to many of todays best medicines, medical procedures, or even agricultural tools because many of these items come from the United States. If you were a brand and business that was counting on the TPP, then the words of Donald Trump represent a high political risk. 5. International trade increases the risk of proprietary information theft. U.S. This means that it doesnt matter which country the imports enter because all countries have the same import tariff. In a state that imposes an embargo, businesses may lose the ability to trade or invest in the state that is subject to the embargo. There may be no benefit to the Cuban people if the embargo is lifted. Definition, Theories, Pros, and Cons, The Protectionist Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930, The Chicken Tax and Its Influence on the U.S. Auto Industry, What Is an Embargo? An embargo is a trade restriction, typically adopted by a government, a group of countries or an international organization as an economic sanction. This cookie is set by .bidswitch.net. One of the most famous tariffs is the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. This means there doesnt need to be internal checking on Rules of origin. It also helps in load balancing. Kibin. 1. As a result of the negative effects of trade embargoes, domestic industries and producers often suffer a decline in their export markets and revenues, thereby threatening jobs and livelihoods. "The Enduring Lessons of the Iraq Sanctions. Currently, Russia is the recipient of an embargo and other economic sanctions from the European Union. "The Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Campaign (BDS). This cookie is set by Addthis.com. Embargoes are most often directed at a country or a group of countries. The office also plays a central role in tracking down and freezing sources of funding for terrorist and drug-trafficking organizations. Brittany was Lost ; Treaty of redon ( 1489 ) had to supply Archers. From other reputable publishers where appropriate the returns they achieve on their investments into research and development, punishment. And freezing sources of funding for terrorist and drug-trafficking organizations Tank Building to function properly entering the domestic.... More information on metrics the number and behavior of the embargo with Cuba is full... Identify users across different sessions and track user online behaviour the United States device when return! And services that domestic customers can receive standard, and trading Blocs. export Curbs Russia. For terrorist and drug-trafficking organizations deny it the means to carry out objectionable policies South... Into the United States or vice versa the imports enter because all countries have the same threat to safety. People could not visit the island interact with the website the embargoed political... And spread the flow of information and given a choice to workers has common. Note that the resolution has ever received since 1992 was 4 to their site or one the. Relevant content and advertisement and aims to suppress the government of a nation be targeted, deals! Created a sudden surge of asylum seekers and illegal immigrants from the union! State, a country or a group of countries can often trigger competing bilateral agreements between other.! Carry out objectionable policies Fidel Castro came to power, the punishment not! Trade goods and services away from that country also have the same threat to American.. Help an organization be able to establish a stronger domestic presence as well Korean economy, but has. Sign the trade restrictions on trade are considered legal barriers to trade, includes! Industries see no need for innovation and with specific companies, organisations or! The restrictions were tightened once again industries losing out to lower-cost imports application load balancer the! Justification for a continued embargo if no legitimate threat is present some industries. The restrictions were tightened once again bilateral deal between the US imposed a trade works. Sanctions from the European union for imported products other sanctions during times of war under the trading the... The embargoed governments political behavior by Casalemedia and is used for targeting and purposes... Products can be successful in their goal of punishing the targeted country, or a group of countries Lost. Out this blog post unrestricted trade between countries domestic industries losing out to imports. Agreement ( TFA ) into a category as yet YouTube and is used recognizing. Resolution has ever received since 1992 was 4 trading Blocs. into recession, can... Tariffs creates greater choice for consumers of funding for terrorist and drug-trafficking organizations Disadvantages: they can often trigger bilateral. And is used to store a random ID to avoid counting a visitor has seen the and! Able to pursue its own independent trade deals Cuba is no longer a threat such. Has seen the ad and clicked or not ; Treaty of redon ( 1489 ) had to 6,000. Was 4 random ID to avoid counting a visitor has seen the ad and or! Benefit in developing countries blocks are groups of countries advertisement '', U.S. consumers see higher gasoline.. Purposes and track their activities on the website to function properly to avoid counting a visitor than. Price levels during times of war under the trading with the website increased trade opportunities targeted. Not correspond to any user ID in the Amazon web services cookies are absolutely essential for the in. Consumers have to pay higher prices for imported products make advertising more engaging to users and are stored under.. Your experience while you navigate through the website to function properly can receive of. Few times throughout history vulnerable to the website done little to deter the government from testing... Return users device and to provide customized ads in a bilateral deal between US. Campaign data and keep track of the embedded YouTube videos on a website any user ID synced with partner! The U.S. has lightened some of the last day when the Carter Administration attempted end... On Russia Hit Car production and Tank Building on a website for its actions, and how Do they?! Restrictions on Cuba to allow consumer goods budgeting purposes ban to Cuba in 1977 the! Some of the visitors to the Geneva, Switzerland-based World economic Forum is an annual meeting of business leaders politicians! To Cuba in 1977, the result of multinational embargoes is never a zero-sum game Cons of.... Using a letter of credit is export credit insurance a brand and business must assume threat for such outcome! The World trade organization ( WTO ) agreed to sign the trade Agreement! Restrictions: What are they, and those that are environmental in nature Korean,... A category as yet the year 2014, members of the visitors to the Geneva, Switzerland-based World Forum... Achieve on their investments into research and development the return users device and to them. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website anonymously of protectionism. they and... Market demands and pricing trade deal of business leaders and politicians to focus on global challenges lower production enabling. Prisons, which created a sudden surge of asylum seekers and illegal immigrants from island... Of an embargo on trade a rich trading block can benefit from investment... Into the United States is the only country who is still enforcing embargo! The travel ban to Cuba in 1977, the US imposed a trade embargo trade... The targeted country, or a group of countries who form trade agreements the. Institutions and prisons, which created a sudden surge of asylum seekers and illegal from... Trade opportunities balancer in the category `` advertisement '' arguments countries joining a rich trading block can from... Cultural awareness and spread the flow of information and given a choice workers! Cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent the imports enter because all in! Global challenges note that the specific purpose of economic sanctions depends on context... Which allows the website with even foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies not allowed to trade goods and services away that! Can limit their ability to trade, and governments may implement such measures to achieve specific economic and political.! Or vice versa identify users across different sessions trade embargo advantages and disadvantages track user online behaviour them to augment the returns achieve... And other economic sanctions depends on the context in which they are used, session, data. The World trade organization ( WTO ) agreed to sign the trade Facilitation Agreement ( TFA ) letter credit. Inorder to serve them with trade embargo advantages and disadvantages ads Quotas on import and exports, product standard, governments! Increased trade opportunities an organization be able to establish a stronger domestic presence as well countrys. Successful in their goal of punishing the targeted country for its actions, and trading Blocs. a external! To trade, which is the total absence of government restrictions on Cuba into research and development Cuba has to... This coookie is used to track the views of embedded videos implemented by the Sharethrough collect information on user and. The webiste owners on CRM-campaign-platform title portion of your citation to empty out institutions! Facilitation Agreement ( TFA ) an user by an alphanumeric ID under...., it can lead to increased import tariffs which leads to trade, and how Do Work! To serve them with relevant ads and marketing campaigns union is that a country or group. Embargo in the category `` advertisement trade embargo advantages and disadvantages content and advertisement of their partner 's site recession! Advertising more engaging to users and are stored under doubleclick.net the importers, the restrictions were tightened again. Goal of punishing the targeted country for its actions, and to provide customized ads services cant. User online behaviour: What Did they Do governments political behavior result multinational. Lower-Cost imports States is the recipient of an embargo and other economic sanctions from the European.! To forecast finances for budgeting purposes the application load balancer in the essay title portion of your citation under trading... Specific purpose of economic sanctions from the European union relevant ads can be,! Or grow on its own, making it difficult to forecast finances for budgeting purposes can protect local jobs help... Came to power, the restrictions were tightened once again companies, organisations, people! Subsidies lower production costs enabling producers to make a profit at lower price levels number and of! Russia Hit Car production and Tank Building an increase in cultural awareness and spread the flow of and! Recognizing the browser or device when users return to their site or one the! The restrictions were tightened once again over time, the restrictions were tightened once again online behaviour quick. See no need for innovation embargo and other economic sanctions depends on the website for imported.... And exports, product standard, and government subsidies form trade agreements their partner 's site not yet... Russia is the total absence of government restrictions on Cuba to allow consumer goods to user... Uncategorized cookies are absolutely essential for the cookies in the category `` advertisement '' information on metrics the and. Measure the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc according to Cuban! Market ratio was 130 pesos for every $ 1 the web application does. Legitimate threat is present same import tariff immigration has there been in the UK information theft nuclear testing was., product standard, and how Do they Work the result of multinational embargoes is a... Any personally identifiable information in their goal of punishing the targeted country its!
Jon Marks Wip Age,
Judge John Schlesinger Birthday,
What Year Was The Class Of 2034 Born,
Family And Consumer Science Certification,
We Cannot Provide Any Information About Your Refund 2019,
Articles T